Examining the Factorial Validity of the Entrepreneurial Career Motives Scale: A Five-Nation Comparison

Abstract

This study validates Shane et al.’s Entrepreneurial Career Motives Scale across nations. A total sample of 948 undergraduate and postgraduate students from five nations (China = 229, Hong Kong = 213, Holland = 136, United States = 155, and Ghana = 215) were recruited to complete a survey designed to measure their entrepreneurial motives and other related constructs. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the hypothesized four-factor structure, namely, perceived recognition, sense of independence, pursuit of learning, and perceived roles. Results of the measurement invariance comparisons satisfactorily established measurement equivalence of the scale across nations, language versions, and genders. Both convergent and discriminant validities were established as the motives were associated with different constructs in an expected manner. Interestingly, different patterns in the entrepreneurial career motives emerged across nations. Overall, our findings provide support for the construct validity of the Entrepreneurial Motives Scale. Implications for practice, limitations, and future research directions are discussed.

Sustainable tourist behaviour: Developing a second order scale based on three destinations

“…However, the emerging area of responsible/environmental tourism/ecotourism lacks a higher order measurement instrument for STB that has been cross‐validated across the six levels of invariance (viz., configural, metric, scalar, factor covariance, factor variance and error variance; Byrne, 2008), thereby demonstrating enhanced reliability and validity. Such a testing also forms a significant part of evaluating factorial validity of a measurement instrument (Affum‐Osei et al, 2020). Therefore, a higher order conceptualization of STB and the development of a robust measurement instrument for same is required as: (a) destination managers can clearly develop a set of guidelines of expected behaviour for tourists (b) destination managers can evaluate periodically the possible violations.…”