Examining the impact of grip strength and officer gender on shooting performance

Brown, Andrew; Baldwin, Simon; Blaskovits, Brittany; Bennell, Craig

doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103536

Cited by 11 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…A total of 2964 titles and abstracts were screened, and 2902 references were considered not relevant to this review. Full texts of 62 studies were assessed against the eligibility criteria ( Table 1 ), and 23 research papers were included in the review [ 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The included studies were conducted in Australia [ 7 , 15 , 18 , 30 , 31 ], Brazil [ 22 ], Canada [ 5 , 16 ], Czech Republic [ 2 ], Netherlands [ 19 , 24 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 32 ], Turkey [ 3 ], and the USA [ 17 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 26 , 29 , 33 ]. Of the 23 included studies, ten were cross-sectional studies [ 3 , 5 , 15 , 16 , 20 , 24 , 25 , 27 , 29 , 31 ], seven were quasi-experiments [ 2 , 17 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 32 , 33 ], two were randomized controlled trials [ 19 , 28 ], two were crossover trials [ 18 , 30 ], and two were retrospective cohort studies [ 7 , 26 ]. Individuals assessed in the studies were regular police officers/recruits [ 3 , 5 , 7 , 15 , 16 ,…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the 23 included studies, ten were cross-sectional studies [ 3 , 5 , 15 , 16 , 20 , 24 , 25 , 27 , 29 , 31 ], seven were quasi-experiments [ 2 , 17 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 32 , 33 ], two were randomized controlled trials [ 19 , 28 ], two were crossover trials [ 18 , 30 ], and two were retrospective cohort studies [ 7 , 26 ]. Individuals assessed in the studies were regular police officers/recruits [ 3 , 5 , 7 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 31 , 32 ] and members of specialist units [ 2 , 18 , 22 , 30 , 33 ]. One study assessed both police officers and specialist officers [ 24 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fifteen studies [ 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 26 , 30 , 31 , 33 ] assessed physical and/or physiological factors and their relationships with marksmanship ( Table 3 ). Anderson and Plecas [ 5 ] reported significant and positive correlations between shooting scores and Police Officer Physical Abilities Test (POPATS), dominant hand grip strength, combined hand grip strength, forearm girth, and second finger ray length; however, the results were found when male and female subjects were analyzed together.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Factors Influencing Marksmanship in Police Officers: A Narrative Review

Simas

Schram

Canetti

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Law enforcement officers routinely face unpredictable scenarios that may threaten the public, their colleagues, or themselves. In such situations, officers may be required to use firearms, with shooting accuracy becoming crucial. This literature review aimed to identify, synthesize, and report on research investigating factors that affect marksmanship in law enforcement personnel. A systematic search of seven databases was undertaken following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) approach. From an initial 5396 identified studies, 23 met the eligibility criteria. The key findings from these papers were: (1) physical exertion does not appear to decrease shooting performance, especially at close range (<10 m); (2) tactical load carriage does not appear to decrease shooting performance; in fact, it has been reported by officers as improving performance (likely due to training specificity); (3) the physical capability of officers may be of importance, notably grip strength, which the volume of evidence suggests is positively correlated with marksmanship; (4) anxiety imparted through high-stress scenarios negatively impacts shooting performance, but training under stress may counteract this factor, albeit for a short period. Together, these factors appear to have a trainability component where increased specific and realistic training can improve shooting accuracy, time, and precision, especially in high-stress situations.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Factors Influencing Marksmanship in Police Officers: A Narrative Review

Simas

Schram

Canetti

et al. 2022

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…While few real-world studies exist, examinations of officerinvolved shootings (OIS) have also uncovered stress-induced performance issues. For example, average hit rates ranging from 14 to 38% have been observed in OIS (Morrison and Vila, 1998;Morrison and Garner, 2011;Donner and Popovich, 2018), which is in stark contrast to the almost 90% hit rate reported in rangebased annual firearms qualifications (Anderson and Plecas, 2000;Brown et al, 2021). In OIS incidents, officers have also reported experiencing perceptual distortions, impaired cognitive function, and reduced motor dexterity (e.g., Honig and Sultan, 2004;Artwohl, 2008;Klinger and Brunson, 2009).…”

Section: The Impact Of Stress On Police Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

A Reasonable Officer: Examining the Relationships Among Stress, Training, and Performance in a Highly Realistic Lethal Force Scenario

et al. 2022

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Under conditions of physiological stress, officers are sometimes required to make split-second life-or-death decisions, where deficits in performance can have tragic outcomes, including serious injury or death and strained police–community relations. The current study assessed the performance of 122 active-duty police officers during a realistic lethal force scenario to examine whether performance was affected by the officer’s level of operational skills training, years of police service, and stress reactivity. Results demonstrated that the scenario produced elevated heart rates (i.e., 150 beats per minute), as well as perceptual and cognitive distortions, such as tunnel vision, commensurate with those observed in naturalistic use of force encounters. The average performance rating from the scenario was 59%, with 27% of participants making at least one lethal force error. Elevated stress reactivity was a predictor of poorer performance and increased lethal force errors. Level of training and years of police service had differential and complex effects on both performance and lethal force errors. Our results illustrate the need to critically reflect on police training practices and continue to make evidence-based improvements to training. The findings also highlight that while training may significantly improve outcomes, flawless performance is likely not probable, given the limits of human performance under stress. Implications for the objective reasonableness standard, which is used to assess the appropriateness of force in courts of law, are discussed.

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