Examining the influence of urban definition when assessing relative safety of drinking-water in Nigeria

Christenson, Elizabeth; Bain, Robert; Wright, Jim A.; Aondoakaa, Stephen Chiahemba; Hossain, Rakib; Bartram, Jamie

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.010

Cited by 29 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Under current definitions, rural/urban boundaries are often arbitrary, and peri-urban areas can be difficult to classify. Such definitions have the potential to significantly impact reported differences in coverage rates when stratified by this variable [92]. Furthermore, intra-urban disparities are rarely captured.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Monitoring of Water Supply and Sanitation: History, Methods and Future Challenges

Bartram

Brocklehurst

Fisher

et al. 2014

IJERPH

Self Cite

210

153

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International monitoring of drinking water and sanitation shapes awareness of countries’ needs and informs policy, implementation and research efforts to extend and improve services. The Millennium Development Goals established global targets for drinking water and sanitation access; progress towards these targets, facilitated by international monitoring, has contributed to reducing the global disease burden and increasing quality of life. The experiences of the MDG period generated important lessons about the strengths and limitations of current approaches to defining and monitoring access to drinking water and sanitation. The methods by which the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO and UNICEF tracks access and progress are based on analysis of data from household surveys and linear regression modelling of these results over time. These methods provide nationally-representative and internationally-comparable insights into the drinking water and sanitation facilities used by populations worldwide, but also have substantial limitations: current methods do not address water quality, equity of access, or extra-household services. Improved statistical methods are needed to better model temporal trends. This article describes and critically reviews JMP methods in detail for the first time. It also explores the impact of, and future directions for, international monitoring of drinking water and sanitation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Monitoring of Water Supply and Sanitation: History, Methods and Future Challenges

Bartram

Brocklehurst

Fisher

et al. 2014

IJERPH

Self Cite

210

153

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“…Several studies used binary categorization of water sources as on-or off-plot and included surface water and unimproved sources in the referent off-plot group, which aggregates improved and unimproved source types that can vary in contamination (Bain et al, 2012) and accessibility. However, leaking pipes and intermittent service can compromise the quality of piped water (Kumpel and Nelson, 2014), and fecal contamination of piped water is frequent in low-and middle-income countries, particularly in rural areas (Bain et al, 2014a;Christenson et al, 2014). Additionally, several included studies reported that water obtained on plot was stored in containers and subsequently contaminated; this was reported in a recent study in Cambodia, which also found that water collected on-plot was frequently stored in the same container with water from unimproved sources (Shaheed et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

Overbo

Williams

Evans

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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Many studies have found that household access to water supplies near or within the household plot can reduce the probability of diarrhea, trachoma, and other water-related diseases, and it is generally accepted that on-plot water supplies produce health benefits for households. However, the body of research literature has not been analyzed to weigh the evidence supporting this. A systematic review was conducted to investigate the impacts of on-plot water supplies on diarrhea, trachoma, child growth, and water-related diseases, to further examine the relationship between household health and distance to water source and to assess whether on-plot water supplies generate health gains for households. Studies provide evidence that households with on-plot water supplies experience fewer diarrheal and helminth infections and greater child height. Findings suggest that water-washed (hygiene associated) diseases are more strongly impacted by on-plot water access than waterborne diseases. Few studies analyzed the effects of on-plot water access on quantity of domestic water used, hygiene behavior, and use of multiple water sources, and the lack of evidence for these relationships reveals an important gap in current literature. The review findings indicate that on-plot water access is a useful health indicator and benchmark for the progressive realization of the Sustainable Development Goal target of universal safe water access as well as the human right to safe water.

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“…Although the water did not show Giardia sp cysts, the presence of total coliforms and E . coli index above those allowed by CONAMA [22] indicate contamination of the drinking water with faecal material [39]. Karon et al (2011) [19] also associated cases of giardiasis with the use of water with the number of total coliforms and turbidity levels above the limit, but without Giardia cysts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identical Assemblage of Giardia duodenalis in Humans, Animals and Vegetables in an Urban Area in Southern Brazil Indicates a Relationship among Them

Colli

Bezagio

Nishi³

et al. 2015

PLoS ONE

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Background Giardia duodenalis infects humans and other mammals by ingestion of cysts in contaminated water or food, or directly in environments with poor hygiene. Eight assemblages, designated A–H, are described for this species.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe investigated by microscopy or by direct immunofluorescence technique the occurrence of G. duodenalis in 380 humans, 34 animals, 44 samples of water and 11 of vegetables. G. duodenalis cysts present in samples were genotyped through PCR-RFLP of β giardin and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes and sequencing of gdh. The gdh gene was amplified in 76.5% (26/34) of the human faeces samples with positive microscopy and in 2.9% (1/34) of negative samples. In 70.4% (19/27) of the positive samples were found BIV assemblage. In two samples from dogs with positive microscopy and one negative sample, assemblages BIV, C, and D were found. Cysts of Giardia were not detected in water samples, but three samples used for vegetable irrigation showed total coliforms above the allowed limit, and Escherichia coli was observed in one sample. G. duodenalis BIV was detected in two samples of Lactuca sativa irrigated with this sample of water. BIV was a common genotype, with 100% similarity, between different sources or hosts (humans, animals and vegetables), and the one most often found in humans.Conclusions/SignificanceThis is the first study in Brazil that reports the connection among humans, dogs and vegetables in the transmission dynamics of G. duodenalis in the same geographic area finding identical assemblage. BIV assemblage was the most frequently observed among these different links in the epidemiological chain.

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Examining the influence of urban definition when assessing relative safety of drinking-water in Nigeria

Cited by 29 publications

References 31 publications

Global Monitoring of Water Supply and Sanitation: History, Methods and Future Challenges

Global Monitoring of Water Supply and Sanitation: History, Methods and Future Challenges

On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

Identical Assemblage of Giardia duodenalis in Humans, Animals and Vegetables in an Urban Area in Southern Brazil Indicates a Relationship among Them

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