Examining the interactive effects of the filter bubble and the echo chamber on radicalization

Wolfowicz, Michael; Weisburd, David; Hasisi, Badi

doi:10.1007/s11292-021-09471-0

Cited by 26 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…T A B L E 6 Description of media-related factors included in meta-analysis. forms of radical behaviors (see Wolfowicz, Weisburd, et al, 2021a).…”

Section: Report Typementioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the published protocol stated that we would use Rosenthal's (1979) Fail-Safe N test, based on comments received, as well as the approach taken in previous reviews (Wolfowicz, Weisburd, et al, 2021a), we replaced this approach with Egger's regression test (Egger et al, 1997). In Egger's regression test, the standardized effect sizes are regressed on their precisions.…”

Section: Assessment Of Reporting Biases 4371 | Between Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this regard, it is possible that by permitting individuals engagement with radical content online, it may provide them with a non‐violent outlet to voice their grievances. Additionally, the monitoring of online activities is an important aspect of counter‐terrorism efforts and may provide an opportunity for early prevention (Wolfowicz, Weisburd, et al, 2021a). Whether it pertains to the Internet or other forms of media, policy efforts to control access and availability to content, as well as the leveraging of the Internet for surveillance and prevention efforts, should be carefully considered against possible impingements on free speech and civil liberties (Hasisi et al, 2019).…”

Section: Authors' Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Does engagement with certain types of media impact social bonds? While such factors may sometimes only have small relationships with radicalization (Wolfowicz, Weisburd, et al, 2021a), they may operate as key moderators of the media‐radicalization relationship. Similarly, researchers should also consider what the key outcomes are of media's effects on radicalization.…”

Section: Authors' Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

What are the effects of different elements of media on radicalization outcomes? A systematic review

Wolfowicz

Hasisi

Weisburd

2022

Campbell Systematic Reviews

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Background Most national counter‐radicalization strategies identify the media, and particularly the Internet as key sources of risk for radicalization. However, the magnitude of the relationships between different types of media usage and radicalization remains unknown. Additionally, whether Internet‐related risk factors do indeed have greater impacts than other forms of media remain another unknown. Overall, despite extensive research of media effects in criminology, the relationship between media and radicalization has not been systematically investigated. Objectives This systematic review and meta‐analysis sought to (1) identify and synthesize the effects of different media‐related risk factors at the individual level, (2) identify the relative magnitudes of the effect sizes for the different risk factors, and (3) compare the effects between outcomes of cognitive and behavioral radicalization. The review also sought to examine sources of heterogeneity between different radicalizing ideologies. Search Methods Electronic searches were carried out in several relevant databases and inclusion decisions were guided by a published review protocol. In addition to these searches, leading researchers were contacted to try and identify unpublished or unidentified research. Hand searches of previously published reviews and research were also used to supplement the database searches. Searches were carried out until August 2020. Selection Criteria The review included quantitative studies that examined at least one media‐related risk factor (such as exposure to, or usage of a particular medium or mediated content) and its relationship to either cognitive or behavioral radicalization at the individual level. Data Collection and Analysis Random‐effects meta‐analysis was used for each risk factor individually and risk factors were arranged in rank‐order. Heterogeneity was explored using a combination of moderator analysis, meta‐regression, and sub‐group analysis. Results The review included 4 experimental and 49 observational studies. Most of the studies were judged to be of low quality and suffer from multiple, potential sources of bias. From the included studies, effect sizes pertaining to 23 media‐related risk factors were identified and analyzed for the outcome of cognitive radicalization, and two risk factors for the outcome of behavioral radicalization. Experimental evidence demonstrated that mere exposure to media theorized to increase cognitive radicalization was associated with a small increase in risk (g = 0.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] [−0.03, 19]). A slightly larger estimate was observed for those high in trait aggression (g = 0.13, 95% CI [0.01, 0.25]). Evidence from observational studies shows that for cognitive radicalization, risk factors such as television usage have no effect (r = 0.01, 95% CI [−0.06, 0.09]). However, passive (r = 0.24, 95% CI [0.18, 0.31]) and active (r = 0.22, 95% CI [0.15, 0.29]) forms of exposure to radical content online demonstrate small but potentially meaningful relationsh...

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“…T A B L E 6 Description of media-related factors included in meta-analysis. forms of radical behaviors (see Wolfowicz, Weisburd, et al, 2021a).…”

Section: Report Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Assessment Of Reporting Biases 4371 | Between Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Authors' Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Authors' Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

What are the effects of different elements of media on radicalization outcomes? A systematic review

Wolfowicz

Hasisi

Weisburd

2022

Campbell Systematic Reviews

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“…This is because an individual must also be exposed to radicalizing or recruiting elements, which are to be found in specific settings, and not all high‐risk individuals have equal opportunities for such exposure. Such risk may be impacted by the differential likelihood of exposure to radicalizing agents and settings (Akers & Jennings, 2016; Akers & Silverman, 2004; Akins & Winfree, 2016; Pauwels & Schils, 2016; Wolfowicz et al., 2021b). Situational Action Theory (SAT), for example, argues that the likelihood that individuals with a given propensity will come to be exposed to situations conducive to radicalization and recruitment is a function of both social and self‐selection (Wikström & Bouhana, 2017).…”

Section: From Radicalization To Recruitmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

What is the best approach for preventing recruitment to terrorism? Findings from ABM experiments in social and situational prevention

Weisburd

Wolfowicz

Hasisi

et al. 2022

Criminology & Public Policy

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This study uses agent-based models (ABMs) to compare the impacts of three different types of interventions targeting recruitment to terrorism-community workers at community centers; community-oriented policing; and an employment program for high-risk agents. The first two programs are social interventions that focus on de-radicalization and changing the dispositions of agents in the model, whereas the employment program focuses on "deflection" and represents a situational/opportunity reducing approach to prevention. The results show significant impacts of the community worker and community policing interventions on radicalization but no significant impact on recruitment. In contrast, the employment intervention had a strong and significant impact on recruitment, but little impact on radicalization.Policy Implications: Our ABM simulations challenge the reliance of existing programs to reduce recruitment to terrorism on counter and de-radicalization approaches. Instead they suggest that policy makers should focus more attention on deflection and opportunity reduction. At the same time, our ABMs point to the This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Misinformation, Extremism, and Conspiracies: Amplification and Polarization by Algorithms

Shin

2024

Artificial Misinformation

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Examining the interactive effects of the filter bubble and the echo chamber on radicalization

Cited by 26 publications

References 85 publications

What are the effects of different elements of media on radicalization outcomes? A systematic review

What are the effects of different elements of media on radicalization outcomes? A systematic review

What is the best approach for preventing recruitment to terrorism? Findings from ABM experiments in social and situational prevention

Misinformation, Extremism, and Conspiracies: Amplification and Polarization by Algorithms

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