Examining the measurement invariance of the teachers' sense of self-efficacy scale in terms of gender

Abstract

<span>The aim of this research </span><span lang="IN">was</span><span> to analyze the measurement invariance of the "Teachers' Sense of Self-Efficacy Scale," developed by Tschannen-Moran and Hoy, and adapted into Turkish and Turkish culture by Çapa, Çakıroğlu and Sarıkaya, with respect to gender. Turkish version of the scale consists of 24 items and 3 subscales. The scale measures pre-service teachers' and teachers' sense of and belief in self-efficacy for student engagement, classroom management and instructional strategies. Research revealed that the scale is being used by a myriad of researchers. The sample of this study consists of 267 female, 163 male pre-service teachers who participated in the Pedagogical Formation Certificate Traning at Inönü University in the 2017-2018 academic years. First of all, CFA was executed in order to confirm the validity of the scale's current structure for both genders which was confirmed based on the analysis results. Then, MGCFA was executed to analyze the scale's measurement invariance in terms of gender. The results of the MGCFA indicated that the scale has the measurement invariance with respect to gender at each of the stages of strict, metric, scalar and <br /> configural invariance.</span>

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“…The motifs of creative activity may be divided into assignedstraightforwardly affecting the shaping of the work realised with the participation of creative work and unassigned marked in work indirectly, possible to implement using additional actions and to trigger creative forces: economic thoughts, social coercion, accordance with stereotypes (Szostak, 2020(Szostak, , 2021a. Participation in arts requires senses (Ekmekçi et al, 2014;Sosnowska, 2015); that is why non-communist and communist countries' citizens use their senses differently (Doğan et al, 2019). However, despite arts' digitalisation being regulated by the technical possibilities to transmit the analogue senses' experience into virtual dimensions (Mao & Jiang, 2021), it is justified that digital participation in arts plays the role of 'digital mediation'.…”

Prevalence of academic resilience of social science students in facing the industry 5.0 era

“…This means that self-efficacy helps students to achieve the expected academic achievement and avoid stress, thus making them more resilient. This self-efficacy is related to individual perceptions of their abilities to produce better performance and to be able to face difficulties [46]- [54].…”

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“…Participation in arts involves senses (Ekmekçi et al, 2014;Sosnowska, 2015) andbecause of cultural differencessocieties use their senses differently (Doğan et al, 2019). However, despite arts' digitalisation being regulated by the technical possibilities to transmit the analogue senses' experience into virtual dimensions (Mao & Jiang, 2021), digital participation in arts plays the role of 'digital mediation', which locates the role of digital technology in a proper place, i.e., in 'between' the artwork and the receiver (Jarrier & Bourgeon-Renault, 2019).…”