Excavations at Inveravon on the Antonine Wall, 1991

Dunwell, Andrew; Ralston, Ian; Clarke, Ann; Coles, Geraint; Crossley, Helen M.; Dickinson, Brenda; Finlayson, Bill; Hartley, K. F.; Murray, Nicola; Neighbour, Tim; Sheridan, Alison; Thomas, Gordon

doi:10.9750/psas.125.521.576

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…An absence of securely radiocarbon-dated controls on these later events makes us reliant on generalized sea level curves (eg Shennan & Horton 2002) which indicate sea levels of around 3m OD in the central Forth estuary 2000 cal years ago; geological data are too few to estimate these for the Clyde estuary. Archaeological data might be used to test these reconstructions (illus 2): construction of the Wall and fortlet at Inveravon (Dunwell & Ralston 1995) on a 'carse' surface at c 5m OD may indicate that mean sea level here was below this in the second century ad. It would be interesting to know whether spring high tides impacted on the defences at Inveravon.…”

Section: The Seamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To these different suggestions might, if the interpretations of Mate (1995) are correct, be added the possibility that turves were too thin to be used in areas heavily utilized and scalped in the years before Antonine occupation, although the well-preserved turves in the rampart at Rough Castle (MacIvor et al 1980) suggest this not to have been a problem at this site. Recent excavations have shown that the distribution of turves and earth in the east has more detailed patterns (Bailey 1995a): there are sections built with earth and sections built of turves at Inveravon (Dunwell & Ralston 1995) and, at Beancross, the use of turves has been identified (Bailey 1995b). Nevertheless, interpretations largely assume only a more localized, smaller-scale differentiation of land uses to have determined turf selection (Dunwell & Ralston 1995).…”

Section: Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent excavations have shown that the distribution of turves and earth in the east has more detailed patterns (Bailey 1995a): there are sections built with earth and sections built of turves at Inveravon (Dunwell & Ralston 1995) and, at Beancross, the use of turves has been identified (Bailey 1995b). Nevertheless, interpretations largely assume only a more localized, smaller-scale differentiation of land uses to have determined turf selection (Dunwell & Ralston 1995).…”

Section: Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The landscape context of the Antonine Wall: a review of the literature

Tipping¹,

Tisdall²

2006

PSAS

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The landscape, environmental and land use changes before, during and after Antonine occupation are examined for the region of central Scotland between the Southern Uplands and the Grampian Highlands, principally from the published literature. The purpose is to synthesize and make available a range of new palaeoenvironmental data, to evaluate critically these new data-sets, to search for significant shifts in landscape or land use and to characterize their timings and effects, thus placing the Antonine occupation in a coherent landscape context. It is established that economic expansion in the region occurred in the later Iron Age, demonstrably before Roman military occupation. This expansion developed from Bronze Age and earlier Iron Age small-scale farms and gathered pace in the last cal 200–300 years BC, for crop growing as well as pasture, and was continued rather than intensified in the first two centuries cal AD. It is difficult to see differences in this economic expansion north and south of the Antonine Wall itself, or east and west of the Forth–Clyde isthmus, but it is tentatively suggested that in the foothills of the Southern Uplands the Romans entered a landscape already decaying. Roman influence is perhaps recognizable at some localities in a reduction of cereal production and the expansion of grazed pasture, assumed to represent a restructuring of the native economy to support a new market. It is presumed that imports of foodstuffs continued to be important to Roman forces during Antonine occupation, although possible reconstructions of the sediments in the Forth and Clyde estuaries suggest these may not have provided ideal harbours. There is little evidence that this increased pastoral economy imposed stresses on soils or plant communities, and the market seems to have been readily supplied within the agricultural capacity of the landscape. Nevertheless, the native economy was probably artificially buoyed by the Roman presence, and withdrawal eventually led to what is best described as an agricutural recession, not population collapse.

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Section: The Seamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The landscape context of the Antonine Wall: a review of the literature

Tipping¹,

Tisdall²

2006

PSAS

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“…funded work has encountered few Neolithic enclosures of any kind. Of note are Loudon Hill in E Ayrshire (Atkinson 2000), and Wellbrae (Dunwell 1991) in S Lanarkshire. At Loudon Hill, a double palisaded enclosure contained a possible roundhouse.…”

Section: A Summary Of the Neolithic Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Developer-funded fieldwork in Scotland, 1990-2003

Phillips¹,

Bradley²

2005

PSAS

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The paper is in two parts. The first presents a digest of the prehistoric evidence recovered by developer-funded archaeology between 1990 and 2003 and compares it with the results of projects funded by Historic Scotland. The second reflects on the wider significance of this material in relation to past and present research on Scottish prehistory and its implications for the archaeology of Britain and Ireland.

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“…This example can be added to previous discoveries on the logged Ditch fills were recorded at Shirva ( 16) and Cleddans Road (25), and such deposits eastern half of the Wall at, for example, Callendar Park (Bailey 1995), Garnhall (ibid) have demonstrable value as repositories of palaeoenvironmental information. The loca-and Inveravon (Dunwell & Ralston 1995). The cumulative evidence is beginning to sug-tions and extents of suitable deposits along the frontier remains unknown in detail, although gest that defensive pits formed a regular presence on the Berm, at least along the eastern recent studies from samples taken from the Ditch near Glasgow Bridge (Dunwell & Coles by this paper, though this achievement does mean that there is little in the recent work 1998) and from fort ditches at Bearsden ( Knights et al 1983) Kirkintilloch ( Kep-reported here which could be said to have significantly advanced knowledge or under-pie et al 1995, 652, 666-8) have highlighted the potential value of such work.…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%