“…The deconvolution of Mn 2p1/2 peak could obtain three peaks assigned to Mn 2+ (652.4 ± 0.2 eV), Mn 3+ (653.8 ± 0.3 eV), and Mn 4+ (654.9 eV ± 0.4), The Mn 2p3/2 could also be divided into three peaks ascribed to Mn 2+ (641.1 ± 0.2 eV), Mn 3+ (642.6 ± 0.3 eV), and Mn 4+ (644.1 ± 0.4 eV) [20,21]. The XPS spectra of Ce 3d in The two peaks, u and v , were attributed to Ce 3+ species, whereas another six peaks belonged to Ce 4+ species [14,38]. Two peaks, at~464.5 eV and~458.7 eV, were observed for the XPS spectra of Ti 2p, as shown in Figure 5c, which were attributed to Ti 2p3/2 and Ti 2p1/2, respectively, representing the characteristic Ti 4+ species [11,14].…”