Exceptionally high Young's modulus observed for individual carbon nanotubes

Treacy, M.M.J.; Ebbesen, Thomas W.; Gibson, J. M.

doi:10.1038/381678a0

Cited by 5,127 publications

(2,766 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

2,626

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The unique semimetal physical properties of graphite and its chemical inertness make possible numerous applications [1][2][3] including the use in nuclear reactors [4,5]. When subjected to a shock, the structure distorts, and the ablation to form graphene [6] may result from its instability.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The contraction is followed by a large expansion which, at sufficiently high fluence, leads to the ablation of entire graphene layers, as recently predicted theoretically. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.035501 PACS numbers: 61.82.ÿd, 07.78.+s, 63.20.Kÿ, 78.47.ÿp The unique semimetal physical properties of graphite and its chemical inertness make possible numerous applications [1][2][3] including the use in nuclear reactors [4,5]. When subjected to a shock, the structure distorts, and the ablation to form graphene [6] may result from its instability.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Structural Preablation Dynamics of Graphite Observed by Ultrafast Electron Crystallography

Carbone

Baum

Rudolf³

et al. 2008

Phys. Rev. Lett.

143

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

By means of time-resolved electron crystallography, we report direct observation of the structural dynamics of graphite, providing new insights into the processes involving coherent lattice motions and ultrafast graphene ablation. When graphite is excited by an ultrashort laser pulse, the excited carriers reach their equilibrium in less then one picosecond by transferring heat to a subset of strongly coupled optical phonons. The time-resolved diffraction data show that on such a time scale the crystal undergoes a contraction whose velocity depends on the excitation fluence. The contraction is followed by a large expansion which, at sufficiently high fluence, leads to the ablation of entire graphene layers, as recently predicted theoretically. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.035501 PACS numbers: 61.82.ÿd, 07.78.+s, 63.20.Kÿ, 78.47.ÿp The unique semimetal physical properties of graphite and its chemical inertness make possible numerous applications [1][2][3] including the use in nuclear reactors [4,5]. When subjected to a shock, the structure distorts, and the ablation to form graphene [6] may result from its instability. It is of fundamental importance to visualize the associated dynamics with atomic-scale spatial and temporal resolutions. Here, by means of ultrafast electron crystallography, we report direct observation of the structural dynamics of graphite following an impulsive near infrared excitation. The diffraction shows that the structure of graphite first contracts perpendicular to the layer planes on the time scale of 0.5 to 3 ps, depending on fluence, and then nonthermally expands in 7 ps. The excitation fluence dependence of both processes indicates a distinct behavior. The highly anisotropic transfer of carrier energy to a subset of phonons of the quasi-2D-structure alters the forces between layers which control the time scale and amplitude of structural change. These atomic motions on different time scales for compression, expansion and restructuring determine the degree of the instability, which at sufficiently high fluences reaches that of graphene ablation [7,8], as predicted theoretically [9].Previous optical studies have focused on the carrier dynamics induced by both high [10,11] and low fluence [12] optical excitation, revealing features of the unique phonon excitations in quasi-two-dimensional graphite and the coherent modes involved. In order to resolve details of the structure, diffraction is our method of choice. In ultrafast electron crystallography, the probing wavelength is 0.07 Å at 30 keV electron acceleration energy, and we use femtosecond (fs) near infrared pulses (800 nm) for the optical excitation of the system of graphite. The overall resolution is determined by group velocity mismatch [13], but as shown here, by tilting the optical wave front, see the inset in Fig. 4, we are able to resolve subpicosecond coherent dynamics. Highly oriented and single crystal graphite were studied, and indeed the static diffraction patterns of both display the characteristic structural features...

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Preablation Dynamics of Graphite Observed by Ultrafast Electron Crystallography

Carbone

Baum

Rudolf³

et al. 2008

Phys. Rev. Lett.

143

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…On the other hand, their carbon-carbon covalent bonds directly contribute to their impressive mechanical properties (i.e., high stiffness and strength) [6]. Treacy et al [12] estimated the Young's moduli of 11 different isolated MWCNTs to be between 0.40 to 4.15 TPa, with an average value of 1.8 TPa. On the other hand, Yu et al [13] found that the tensile strength of MWCNTs can be as high as 63 GPa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon nanotube thin film strain sensors: comparison between experimental tests and numerical simulations

Lee¹,

Loh²

2017

Nanotechnology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Carbon nanotubes can be randomly deposited in polymer thin film matrices to form nanocomposite strain sensors. However, a computational framework that enables the direct design of these nanocomposite thin films is still lacking. The objective of this study is to derive an experimentally validated and two-dimensional numerical model of carbon nanotube-based thin film strain sensors. This study consisted of two parts. First, multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-Pluronic strain sensors were fabricated using vacuum filtration, and their physical, electrical, and electromechanical properties were evaluated. Second, scanning electron microscope images of the films were used for identifying topological features of the percolated MWCNT network, where the information obtained was then utilized for developing the numerical model. Validation of the numerical model was achieved by ensuring that the area ratios (of MWCNTs relative to the polymer matrix) were equivalent for both the experimental and modeled cases. Strain sensing behavior of the percolation-based model was simulated and then compared to experimental test results.

show abstract

“…Many experimental [4][5][6][7][8] and theoretical [9][10][11][12][13][14] studies have been performed on single-and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. In particular, deformation modes and nanotube stiffnesses have been closely examined.…”

Section: Wall Thicknessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equivalent-continuum modeling of nano-structured materials

Odegard

2002

Composites Science and Technology

581

302

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A method has been proposed for developing structure-property relationships of nano-structured materials. This method serves as a link between computational chemistry and solid mechanics by substituting discrete molecular structures with equivalent-continuum models. It has been shown that this substitution may be accomplished by equating the molecular potential energy of a nano-structured material with the strain energy of representative truss and continuum models. As important examples with direct application to the development and characterization of singlewalled carbon nanotubes and the design of nanotube-based structural devices, the modeling technique has been applied to two independent examples: the determination of the effectivecontinuum geometry and bending rigidity of a graphene sheet. A representative volume element of the chemical structure of graphene has been substituted with equivalent-truss and equivalentcontinuum models. As a result, an effective thickness of the continuum model has been determined. The determined effective thickness is significantly larger than the inter-planar spacing of graphite. The effective bending rigidity of the equivalent-continuum model of a graphene sheet was determined by equating the molecular potential energy of the molecular model of a graphene sheet subjected to cylindrical bending (to form a nanotube) with the strain energy of an equivalent-continuum plate subjected to cylindrical bending.

show abstract

Exceptionally high Young's modulus observed for individual carbon nanotubes

Cited by 5,127 publications

References 7 publications

Structural Preablation Dynamics of Graphite Observed by Ultrafast Electron Crystallography

Structural Preablation Dynamics of Graphite Observed by Ultrafast Electron Crystallography

Carbon nanotube thin film strain sensors: comparison between experimental tests and numerical simulations

Equivalent-continuum modeling of nano-structured materials

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About