Exceptionally low mercury concentrations and fluxes from the 2021 and 2022 eruptions of Fagradalsfjall volcano, Iceland

Edwards, Brock A.; Pfeffer, Melissa A.; Ilyinskaya, Evgenia; Kleine-Marshall, Barbara I.; Mandon, Céline L.; Cotterill, Adam; Aiuppa, Alessandro; Outridge, Peter M.; Wang, Feiyue

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170457

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 78 publications

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“…Moreover, temporal changes in EFs require further attention. Previous research has shown that Hg/SO2 mass ratios can change over time due to decoupled degassing behavior of the different gas species (Aiuppa et al, 2007;Siegel and Siegel, 1984), although recent work has demonstrated Hg/SO2 remains conservative over at least several hundred meters from the volcanic source (Edwards et al, 2024). As the quality and temporal resolution of SO2 and CO2 flux data increasingly One additional limitation concerns the speciation of volcanic Hg upon emission and downwind of the source, which has important implications for the atmospheric lifetime and environmental fate of Hg within the broader Hg cycle.…”

Section: Limitations and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Multi-Compartment Hg Modeling and Analysis Project (MCHgMAP): Mercury modeling to support international environmental policy

Dastoor,

Angot,

Bieser

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Abstract. The Multi-Compartment Hg (mercury) Modeling and Analysis Project (MCHgMAP) is an international multi-model research initiative intended to simulate and analyze the geospatial distributions and temporal trends of environmental Hg to inform the effectiveness evaluations of two multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs): the Minamata Convention on Mercury (MC) and Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). This MCHgMAP overview paper presents its science objectives, background and rationale, experimental design (multi-model ensemble (MME) architecture, inputs and evaluation data, simulations and reporting framework), and methodologies for the evaluation and analysis of simulated environmental Hg levels. The primary goals of the project are to facilitate detection and attribution of recent (observed) and future (projected) spatial patterns and temporal trends of global environmental Hg levels, and identification of key knowledge gaps in Hg science and modeling to improve future effectiveness evaluation cycles of the MEAs. The current advances and challenges of Hg models, emission inventories, and observational data are examined, and an optimized multi-model experimental design is introduced for addressing the key policy questions of the MEAs. A common set of emissions, environmental conditions, and observation datasets are proposed (where possible) to enhance the MME comparability. A novel harmonized simulation approach between atmospheric, land, oceanic and multi-media models is developed to account for the short- and long-term changes in secondary Hg exchanges and to achieve mechanistic consistency of Hg levels across environmental matrices. A comprehensive set of model experiments is developed and prioritized to ensure a systematic analysis and participation of a variety of models from the scientific community.

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Section: Limitations and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Multi-Compartment Hg Modeling and Analysis Project (MCHgMAP): Mercury modeling to support international environmental policy

Dastoor,

Angot,

Bieser

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Trace Element Emissions Vary With Lava Flow Age and Thermal Evolution During the Fagradalsfjall 2021–2023 Eruptions, Iceland

Wainman,

Ilyinskaya,

Pfeffer

et al. 2024

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Basaltic fissure eruptions emit volatile and environmentally reactive gases and particulate matter (PM) into the lower troposphere (e.g., SO2, HCl, and HF in the gas phase; Se, As, Pb as complexes in the PM phase). Lava flows from fissure eruptions can be spatially extensive, but the composition and fluxes of their emissions are poorly characterized compared to those from main vent(s). Using uncrewed aircraft systems‐mounted (drone) samplers and ground‐based remote Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, we investigated the down‐flow compositional evolution of emissions from active lava flows during the Fagradalsfjall 2021–2023 eruptions. The calculated fluxes of volatile trace metals from lava flows are considerable relative to both main vent degassing and anthropogenic fluxes in Iceland. We demonstrate a fractionation in major gas emissions with decreasing S/halogen ratio down‐flow. This S‐Cl fractionation is reflected in the trace element degassing profile, where the abundance of predominantly sulfur‐complexing elements (e.g., Se, Te, As, Pb) decreases more rapidly in down‐flow emissions relative to elements complexing as chlorides (e.g., Cu, Rb, Cs), oxides (e.g., La, Ce) and hydroxides (e.g., Fe, Mg, Al, Ti). Using thermochemical modeling, we explain this relationship through temperature and composition dependent element speciation as the lava flow ages and cools. As a result, some chloride‐complexing elements (such as Cu) become relatively more abundant in emissions further down‐flow, compared to emissions from the main vent or more proximal lava flows. This variability in down‐flow element fluxes suggests that the output of metals to the environment may change depending on lava flow age and thermal evolution.

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Tibetan Peat Records Global Major Explosive Volcanic Eruptions in the Holocene

Peng,

Enrico,

Zeng

et al. 2024

JGR Atmospheres

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Major explosive volcanic eruptions were important triggers of abrupt climate changes during the Holocene and crucial sources of Hg to the atmosphere, yet there remains limited understanding regarding the long‐range transportation of this volcanic Hg and its imprint in natural archives. Here, we present a reconstruction of Holocene global volcanism based on the anomalies in Hg concentrations, accumulation fluxes, and Hg/C ratios in three high‐resolution peat profiles spanning Eurasia. Our reconstruction reveals that the two Tibetan peat profiles recorded 33 major explosive volcanic eruptions (with 11 eruptions being synchronously detected), which correspond with a French Pyrenees peat record and sulfate anomalies in polar ice cores. Additionally, the major explosive volcanic eruptions recorded in the TP peat profiles coincided with abrupt decreases in solar irradiance during the Holocene, suggesting these eruptions might have had a greater global climate impact. Our results suggest the atmospheric transport of volcanic Hg within the Northern Hemisphere and underscore the significant role played by major explosive volcanic eruptions in precipitating abrupt global climate and environmental changes during the Holocene. This study has implications for deciphering the configuration of volcanic eruption seasons, locations, and magnitudes during the Holocene and aligning the chronology of peat deposits with ice cores.

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Exceptionally low mercury concentrations and fluxes from the 2021 and 2022 eruptions of Fagradalsfjall volcano, Iceland

Cited by 3 publications

References 78 publications

The Multi-Compartment Hg Modeling and Analysis Project (MCHgMAP): Mercury modeling to support international environmental policy

The Multi-Compartment Hg Modeling and Analysis Project (MCHgMAP): Mercury modeling to support international environmental policy

Trace Element Emissions Vary With Lava Flow Age and Thermal Evolution During the Fagradalsfjall 2021–2023 Eruptions, Iceland

Tibetan Peat Records Global Major Explosive Volcanic Eruptions in the Holocene

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