Excess dietary sodium and inadequate potassium intake in Italy: Results of the MINISAL study

Donfrancesco, Chiara; Ippolito, R.; Noce, Cinzia Lo; Palmieri, Luigi; Iacone, Roberto; Russo, Ornella; Vanuzzo, Diego; Galletti, Ferruccio; Galeone, Daniela; Giampaoli, Simona; Strazzullo, Pasquale

doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2012.04.004

Cited by 74 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…As another study [21], we found that Na + and K + excretions were higher in men than in women, which confirms observations in other countries [22,23], that the intake of sodium is higher than the daily recommendations while potassium is below them, 2 g and 3.51 g, respectively [17,24].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Estimation of the Daily Salt Intake by 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion in Morocco: A Pilot Study

Derouiche

Elkardi

Mohtadi

et al. 2016

Preprint

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Introduction:Hypertension is a serious public health problem in Morocco. The objective of this pilot study was to estimate the salt intake of Moroccan adults by measuring 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. Methods: 132 participants were recruited from the central region of Morocco.Sodium, potassium and creatinine levels were measured using the 24-hour urine samples.Additional data included anthropometric measurements and socio-demographic questionnaire. Results:The daily sodium, potassium and creatinine excretions were 2779.1±1334.9 mg, 1350.0±642.8 mg and 820.3 ± 381.2 mg, respectively. Data analysis revealed that 71.2% of the participants had a daily sodium intake more than 2000 mg (5g of salt) recommended by the WHO. The mean of potassium excretion was 1350.0±642.8 mg /day, this average was lower than 3.51g per day recommended by the WHO. Conclusion: Public health measures to reduce sodium and increase potassium consumption in order to decrease the population's risk of high blood pressure and heart disease are recommended.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Estimation of the Daily Salt Intake by 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion in Morocco: A Pilot Study

Derouiche

Elkardi

Mohtadi

et al. 2016

Preprint

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“…In the report of one study, investigators stated the 24-h urine sample was obtained “based on the INTERSALT protocol,” with urine was collected from 7 AM through 7 AM the next day (76, 77). In two reports, we could not find information about the procedures for 24-h urine collection (17, 30). Information on the types and amounts of “incentives” or “tokens of appreciation” for 24-h urine collection was not reported in the publication of results, with two exceptions.…”

Section: Current Aproaches To Assess Sodium Intake Through Urine Biommentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We identified new reports (not included in previous systematic reviews) of national and subnational population-based studies (6, 30, 59, 64, 76, 84, 112, 123, 151) using 24-h urine specimens. All but two, which were subnational (76, 151), were conducted in high-income countries.…”

Section: Current Aproaches To Assess Sodium Intake Through Urine Biommentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Urine Biomarkers to Assess Sodium Intake: Challenges and Opportunities

et al. 2015

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This article summarizes current data and approaches to assess sodium intake in individuals and populations. A review of the literature on sodium excretion and intake estimation supports the continued use of 24-h urine collections for assessing population and individual sodium intake. Since 2000, 29 studies used urine biomarkers to estimate population sodium intake, primarily among adults. More than half used 24-h urine; the rest used a spot/casual, overnight, or 12-h specimen. Associations between individual sodium intake and health outcomes were investigated in 13 prospective cohort studies published since 2000. Only three included an indicator of long-term individual sodium intake, i.e., multiple 24-h urine specimens collected several days apart. Although not insurmountable, logistic challenges of 24-h urine collection remain a barrier for research on the relationship of sodium intake and chronic disease. Newer approaches, including modeling based on shorter collections, offer promise for estimating population sodium intake in some groups.

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“…Current recommendations for potassium (4700 mg/117.5 mmol) and sodium (2300 mg/100 mmol or 1500 mg/65 mmol) intakes lead to molar ratios of 1.18 or 1.8. Achieving this intake ratio is a challenge with current eating patterns (18,19). Nevertheless, data suggest that moving toward this goal has health benefits, especially in blacks who develop a salt sensitivity when even marginally deficient in potassium.…”

Section: Potassium-sodium Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potassium and Health

Weaver

2013

Advances in Nutrition

275

156

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Potassium was identified as a shortfall nutrient by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 Advisory Committee. The committee concluded that there was a moderate body of evidence of the association between potassium intake and blood pressure reduction in adults, which in turn influences the risk of stroke and coronary heart disease. Evidence is also accumulating of the protective effect of adequate dietary potassium on age-related bone loss and reduction of kidney stones. These benefits depend on organic anions associated with potassium as occurs in foods such as fruits and vegetables, in contrast to similar blood pressure-lowering benefits of potassium chloride. Benefits to blood pressure and bone health may occur at levels below current recommendations for potassium intake, especially from diet, but dose-response trials are needed to confirm this. Nevertheless, intakes considerably above current levels are needed for optimal health, and studies evaluating small increases in fruit and vegetable intake on bone and heart outcomes for short periods have had disappointing results. In modern societies, Western diets have led to a decrease in potassium intake with reduced consumption of fruits and vegetables with a concomitant increase in sodium consumption through increased consumption of processed foods. Consumption of white vegetables is associated with decreased risk of stroke, possibly related to their high potassium content. Potatoes are the highest source of dietary potassium, but the addition of salt should be limited. Low potassium-to-sodium intake ratios are more strongly related to cardiovascular disease risk than either nutrient alone. This relationship deserves further attention for multiple target tissue endpoints.

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Excess dietary sodium and inadequate potassium intake in Italy: Results of the MINISAL study

Cited by 74 publications

References 23 publications

Estimation of the Daily Salt Intake by 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion in Morocco: A Pilot Study

Estimation of the Daily Salt Intake by 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion in Morocco: A Pilot Study

Use of Urine Biomarkers to Assess Sodium Intake: Challenges and Opportunities

Potassium and Health

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