Excess post‐hypoxic oxygen consumption in Atlantic cod <i>Gadus morhua</i>

Plambech, M.; Deurs, Mikael van; Steffensen, John F.; Tirsgaard, Bjørn; Behrens, Jane

doi:10.1111/jfb.12171

Cited by 32 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In [67], using tagged Baltic cod individuals, it was shown that cod visit hypoxic waters, briefly but frequently, probably in search of benthic preys [65], which generally are more tolerant to hypoxia than fish [68], providing support for the occurrence of this mechanism. According to this interpretation, as most fish avoid oxygen concentrations that would decrease their growth [25], in our analyses 1 ml l −1 could be considered as a sub-lethal threshold that cod tend to avoid when not feeding in deeper layers with an oxygen concentration even lower.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoxic areas, density-dependence and food limitation drive the body condition of a heavily exploited marine fish predator

et al. 2016

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Investigating the factors regulating fish condition is crucial in ecology and the management of exploited fish populations. The body condition of cod (Gadus morhua) in the Baltic Sea has dramatically decreased during the past two decades, with large implications for the fishery relying on this resource. Here, we statistically investigated the potential drivers of the Baltic cod condition during the past 40 years using newly compiled fishery-independent biological data and hydrological observations. We evidenced a combination of different factors operating before and after the ecological regime shift that occurred in the Baltic Sea in the early 1990s. The changes in cod condition related to feeding opportunities, driven either by density-dependence or food limitation, along the whole period investigated and to the fivefold increase in the extent of hypoxic areas in the most recent 20 years. Hypoxic areas can act on cod condition through different mechanisms related directly to species physiology, or indirectly to behaviour and trophic interactions. Our analyses found statistical evidence for an effect of the hypoxia-induced habitat compression on cod condition possibly operating via crowding and density-dependent processes. These results furnish novel insights into the population dynamics of Baltic Sea cod that can aid the management of this currently threatened population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoxic areas, density-dependence and food limitation drive the body condition of a heavily exploited marine fish predator

et al. 2016

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“…While this is a problem common to all experimental systems, there does not appear to be a universally accepted technique for how to measure and mathematically correct for it. It is often stated in papers, for instance, that Ṁ O 2 been corrected for background respiration, yet details of the procedure are often scant (Plambech et al , ) or entirely missing (Scarabello et al , ; Schurmann & Steffensen, ; Steffensen et al , ; Casselman et al , ). Even in cases where techniques are mentioned, they appear to vary widely.…”

Section: Calculating Oxygen Consumption (ṁO2) Using Intermittent‐flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, if the experimenter wants to test the effect of hypoxia by letting the partial pressure of oxygen ( p O 2 ) decrease by 15–16 kPa in the chamber, carbon dioxide, which has a 25–30 times higher solubility than oxygen, will increase by 0·5–0·6 kPa, a level that is more than even the worst case global change scenario (Stocker et al , ). Further, if the closed‐system measurement period has resulted in prolonged hypoxia and the fish has had to rely on anaerobic metabolism, this will raise aerobic metabolism during the next flush and measurement cycle as a result of excess post‐hypoxia oxygen consumption (EPOC) arising from the anaerobic metabolism (Scarabello et al , ; Svendsen et al , ; Plambech et al , ). Finally, any of the factors listed can stimulate spontaneous activity, or physiological responses, resulting in oxygen consumption ( Ṁ O 2 ) measurements that do not reflect the animal's oxygen consumption at SMR (Keys, ; Forstner, ; Gnaiger, ; Steffensen, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and setup of intermittent‐flow respirometry system for aquatic organisms

Svendsen

Bushnell

Steffensen

2015

Journal of Fish Biology

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297

332

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Intermittent‐flow respirometry is an experimental protocol for measuring oxygen consumption in aquatic organisms that utilizes the best features of closed (stop‐flow) and flow‐through respirometry while eliminating (or at least reducing) some of their inherent problems. By interspersing short periods of closed‐chamber oxygen consumption measurements with regular flush periods, accurate oxygen uptake rate measurements can be made without the accumulation of waste products, particularly carbon dioxide, which may confound results. Automating the procedure with easily available hardware and software further reduces error by allowing many measurements to be made over long periods thereby minimizing animal stress due to acclimation issues. This paper describes some of the fundamental principles that need to be considered when designing and carrying out automated intermittent‐flow respirometry (e.g. chamber size, flush rate, flush time, chamber mixing, measurement periods and temperature control). Finally, recent advances in oxygen probe technology and open source automation software will be discussed in the context of assembling relatively low cost and reliable measurement systems.

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“…The species is known to completely avoid hypoxic waters in the Kattegat, Baltic Sea and Gulf of St Lawrence when their metabolic scope approaches zero (Chabot & Claireaux, 2008). Satellite archival tagging and laboratory experiments have shown that Atlantic blue marlin Makaira nigricans Lacépède 1802 can also tolerate low oxygen if necessary and dive into low oxygen waters for short durations to catch prey (Neurenfeldt et al, 2009;Stramma et al, 2011;Plambech et al, 2013).…”

Section: Behavioural Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fisheries, low oxygen and climate change: how much do we really know?

Townhill

Pinnegar

Righton

et al. 2016

Journal of Fish Biology

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As a result of long-term climate change, regions of the ocean with low oxygen concentrations are predicted to occur more frequently and persist for longer periods of time in the future. When low levels of oxygen are present, this places additional pressure on marine organisms to meet their metabolic requirements, with implications for growth, feeding and reproduction. Extensive research has been carried out on the effects of acute hypoxia, but far less on long-term chronic effects of low oxygen zones, especially with regard to commercially important fishes and shellfishes. To provide further understanding on how commercial species could be affected, the results of relevant experiments must support population and ecosystem models. This is not easy because individual effects are wide-ranging; for example, studies to date have shown that low oxygen zones can affect predator-prey relationships as some species are able to tolerate low oxygen more than others. Some fishes may move away from areas until oxygen levels return to acceptable levels, while others take advantage of a reduced start response in prey fishes and remain in the area to feed. Sessile or less mobile species such as shellfishes are unable to move out of depleted oxygen zones. Some species can tolerate low oxygen levels for only short periods of time, while others are able to acclimatize. To advance the knowledge-base further, a number of promising technological and modelling-based developments and the role of physiological data within these, are proposed. These include advances in remote telemetry (tagging) and sensor technologies, trait-based analyses to provide insight into how whole assemblages might respond in the future, research into long-term adaptability of species, population and ecosystem modelling techniques and quantification of economic effects. In addition, more detailed oxygen monitoring and projections are required to better understand the likely temporal and local-scale changes in oxygen.

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Excess post‐hypoxic oxygen consumption in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua

Cited by 32 publications

References 29 publications

Hypoxic areas, density-dependence and food limitation drive the body condition of a heavily exploited marine fish predator

Hypoxic areas, density-dependence and food limitation drive the body condition of a heavily exploited marine fish predator

Design and setup of intermittent‐flow respirometry system for aquatic organisms

Fisheries, low oxygen and climate change: how much do we really know?

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