Excessive salt intake is a significant predictor for future development of metabolic syndrome in the general population

Takase, Hiroyuki; Machii, Masashi; Nonaka, Daishi; Ohno, K; Takayama, Shin; Sugiura, Tomonori; Ohte, Nobuyuki; Dohi, Yasuaki

doi:10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.3058

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…49 ., 2016 ). Some previous literature supports the association between high sodium intake and these detrimental metabolic parameters (Moosavian et al, 2017 ; Leyvraz et al, 2018 ; Takase et al, 2020 ; Radzeviciene and Ostrauskas, 2017 ). A high‐salt diet boosted fat mass, plasma leptin concentration, and insulin‐stimulated glucose oxidation in the adipocytes, probably because of elevating the lipogenic capacity of white adipose tissue in rats (Fonseca‐Alaniz et al, 2007 ; Fonseca‐Alaniz et al, 2008 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

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Sodium in relation with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies

Shojaei‐Zarghani

Safarpour

Fattahi

et al. 2022

Food Science & Nutrition

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Findings on the association of sodium with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are conflicting. The present systematic review and meta‐analysis study aimed to assess the association between salt or sodium intake or serum sodium levels and NAFLD risk. Relevant articles were identified by searching PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Proquest, and Embase databases through May 1, 2021, without language restriction. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using Der‐Simonian and Laird method and random‐effects meta‐analysis. The certainty of the evidence was rated using the GRADE method. Out of 6470 documents, 7 epidemiological/observational (1 cohort, 1 case–control, and 5 cross‐sectional) studies on the relationship between dietary salt/sodium intakes and NAFLD risk met our inclusion criteria. The meta‐analysis of all studies showed a significant positive association between the highest salt/sodium intake and NALFD risk (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.19–2.15) with a meaningful heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 96.70%, p‐value <.001). The NAFLD risk was greater in the studies with higher quality (OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.24–2.65) or using the equation‐based methods for NAFLD ascertainment (OR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.29–3.17) or urinary sodium collection as a sodium intake assessment (OR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.52–4.06). The overall certainty of the evidence was very low. In conclusion, high sodium intake seems to be related to increased NAFLD risk. Further well‐designed studies are needed to clarify this association and shed light on the underlying mechanisms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Notementioning

confidence: 64%

Sodium in relation with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies

Shojaei‐Zarghani

Safarpour

Fattahi

et al. 2022

Food Science & Nutrition

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“…Salty foods act as 'addictive substances', stimulating the brain's reward and pleasure mechanisms to crave salty foods, which may also be responsible for the increased incidence of obesity-related diseases [49]. In addition, a high salt intake has been reported as an independent risk factor for hypertension and might likewise increase the incidence of metabolic syndrome in healthy people [50][51][52]. Therefore, we used salt as a separate food grouping to examine whether salt also increased the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the whole diet at the beginning of the study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Dietary Pattern on Metabolic Syndrome in Jiangsu Province of China: Based on a Nutrition and Diet Investigation Project in Jiangsu Province

et al. 2021

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Metabolic syndrome, a complex group of metabolic disorders of energy use and storage, is considered as an important determinant risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to examine the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and dietary pattern among adults in Jiangsu Province of China. Data were from three rounds of cross–sectional nutrition and diet investigation projects in Jiangsu Province of China, which were conducted in 2002, 2007, and 2014 by Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention. A total of 13,944 participants with complete food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were eventually included in this study after further data screening. The 2009 Joint Interim Statement for China was used to define metabolic syndrome. Three distinct dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis: the modern dietary pattern (rich in pork, poultry, vegetables, seafood, pastry food, other animal meats, fruits, milk and its products, soft drink, whole grains, nuts, and seeds, but low in wheat), vegetable oils/condiments/soy products dietary pattern (rich in vegetable oils, other condiments, salt, soy products, and fruits and low in dry legumes), and modern high–wheat dietary pattern (rich in wheat, tubers, fruits, and other animal meats, but low in rice). Higher intake of the modern dietary pattern and modern high–wheat dietary pattern were positively associated with metabolic syndrome in both unadjusted and adjusted models by genders, whereas higher intake of the vegetable oils/condiments/soy products dietary pattern had a negative relationship with metabolic syndrome in both unadjusted and adjusted models by genders (p < 0.05). Our study recommends reducing the consumption of animal meat products, especially processed meat products, and replacing animal oils with vegetable oils as the main supply of daily oils. Furthermore, more prospective and experimental studies are needed to confirm the relationship between dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome.

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“…Excess salt intake is associated with an increased risk of hypertension, obesity, stroke, cardiovascular diseases, and stomach cancer ( 3 , 4 , 7 ). The common etiology of the diseases is increased insulin resistance and immunity, but their mechanisms are controversial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, Koreans have recently substituted salt with various fermented soybeans or Jangs containing salts to promote flavor ( 2 ). Given the increasing evidence suggesting the role of excess sodium consumption as a risk factor for metabolic diseases, specifically hypertension, the health benefits of Jang intake have remained controversial ( 3 , 4 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inverse association of daily fermented soybean paste (“Jang”) intake with metabolic syndrome risk, especially body fat and hypertension, in men of a large hospital-based cohort

Jeong¹,

Yang²,

Yang³

et al. 2023

Front. Nutr.

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IntroductionJang is a fermented soybean paste containing salt and is traditionally used as a substitute for salt to enhance the flavor of foods in Korea. It has been speculated that regular consumption of Jang may lower the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). We hypothesized that Jang intake was associated with the risk of MetS and its components after adjusting for potential confounders, including sodium intake. The hypothesis was investigated according to gender in a large city hospital-based cohort (n = 58,701) in Korea.MethodsJang intake, calculated as the sum of the intakes of Chungkookjang, Doenjang, Doenjang soup, and Ssamjang (a mixture of Doenjang and Kochujang), was included in the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ) administered to the cohort, and the daily Jang intake was estimated. The participants were categorized into low-Jang and high-Jang groups by 1.9 g daily Jang intake. MetS was defined according to 2005 revised United States National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria modified for Asians.ResultsThe participants in the low-Jang and high-Jang groups consumed an average of 0.63 g and 4.63 g Jang daily; their total sodium intake was about 1.91 and 2.58 g/day, respectively. The participants in the high-Jang group had higher energy, fiber, calcium, vitamin C, vitamin D, and potassium intake than those in the low-Jang group. After adjusting for covariates, the participants with the highest sodium intake (≥3.31 g/day) were positively associated with MetS risk in the quintiles of men and women. Among the MetS components, waist circumference, fat mass, and hypo-high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterolemia were positively associated with sodium intake in all participants and women. Unlike the association seen with sodium intake, Jang intake (≥1.9 g/day) was inversely associated with MetS components, including waist circumference, fat mass, serum glucose concentrations, and hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia in all participants and men, after adjusting for covariates including sodium intake.DiscussionSubstituting salt for Jang in cooking may be recommended to prevent and alleviate MetS incidence, and its efficacy for MetS risk was better in men than women. The results can be applied to sodium intake in Asian countries where salt is used to promote flavor.

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Excessive salt intake is a significant predictor for future development of metabolic syndrome in the general population

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Sodium in relation with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies

Sodium in relation with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies

The Effects of Dietary Pattern on Metabolic Syndrome in Jiangsu Province of China: Based on a Nutrition and Diet Investigation Project in Jiangsu Province

Inverse association of daily fermented soybean paste (“Jang”) intake with metabolic syndrome risk, especially body fat and hypertension, in men of a large hospital-based cohort

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