Exchange equilibria on anion resins

Boari, G.; Liberti, Lorenzo; Merli, C.; Passino, R.

doi:10.1016/s0011-9164(00)82079-2

Cited by 48 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The weak base resins have secondary/tertiary amine functional groups or a pyridine group, which resulted in less steric hindrance compared to the quaternary functional groups of the strong base resins. This is in agreement with Boari et al (1974), who also showed that resins with secondary/tertiary amine functional groups preferred sulfate over resins with quaternary functional groups. Additionally, the suggested regenerant for strong base resins is a concentrated (i.e., >12,000 mg/L) chloride solution; this provides further insights into why strong base resins remove very little sulfate.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

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Reuse of Produced Water from CO<sub>2</sub> Enhanced Oil Recovery, Coal-Bed Methane, and Mine Pool Water by Coal-Based Power Plants

Knutson

Dastgheib

Yang

et al. 2012

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Power generation in the Illinois Basin is expected to increase by as much as 30% by the year 2030, and this would increase the cooling water consumption in the region by approximately 40%. This project investigated the potential use of produced water from CO 2 enhanced oil recovery (CO 2 -EOR) operations; coal-bed methane (CBM) recovery; and active and abandoned underground coal mines for power plant cooling in the Illinois Basin. Specific objectives of this project were: (1) to characterize the quantity, quality, and geographic distribution of produced water in the Illinois Basin; (2) to evaluate treatment options so that produced water may be used beneficially at power plants; and (3) to perform a technoeconomic analysis of the treatment and transportation of produced water to thermoelectric power plants in the Illinois Basin. Current produced water availability within the basin is not large, but potential flow rates up to 257 million liters per day (68 million gallons per day (MGD)) are possible if CO 2 -enhanced oil recovery and coal bed methane recovery are implemented on a large scale. Produced water samples taken during the project tend to have dissolved solids concentrations between 10 and 100 g/L, and water from coal beds tends to have lower TDS values than water from oil fields. Current pretreatment and desalination technologies including filtration, adsorption, reverse osmosis (RO), and distillation can be used to treat produced water to a high quality level, with estimated costs ranging from $2.6 to $10.5 per cubic meter ($10 to $40 per 1000 gallons). Because of the distances between produced water sources and power plants, transportation costs tend to be greater than treatment costs. An optimization algorithm was developed to determine the lowest cost pipe network connecting sources and sinks. Total water costs increased with flow rate up to 26 million liters per day (7 MGD), and the range was from $4 to $16 per cubic meter ($15 to $60 per 1000 gallons), with treatment costs accounting for 13 -23% of the overall cost. Results from this project suggest that produced water is a potential large source of cooling water, but treatment and transportation costs for this water are large.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Typical ionizable groups include quaternary ammonium and amine groups (Reynolds and Richards, 1996). Reactions for strong base (Liberti et al, 1987) and weak base (Boari et al, 1974) (Reynolds and Richards, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reuse of Produced Water from CO<sub>2</sub> Enhanced Oil Recovery, Coal-Bed Methane, and Mine Pool Water by Coal-Based Power Plants

Knutson

Dastgheib

Yang

et al. 2012

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“…The weak base resins have secondary/tertiary amine functional groups or a pyridine group, which resulted in less steric hindrance compared to the quaternary functional groups of the strong base resins. This is in agreement with Boari [12], who also showed that resins with secondary/tertiary amine functional groups preferred sulfate over resins with quaternary functional groups. Additionally, the suggested regenerant for strong base resins is a concentrated (i.e., >12,000 mg/L) chloride solution [16]; this provides further insights into why strong base resins remove very little sulfate.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Alternative Resinssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Boari [12] demonstrated that throughout different bulk salinities, sulfate selectivity was also based on the resins functional groups as follows:…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfate Removal From Water Produced During CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery, Coal-Bed Methane Recovery, and Mining Operations Using Anion Exchange Resins

Duckworth¹,

Werth

Destgheib

et al. 2015

proc water environ fed

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Limited freshwater resources and expected increases in water demand are causing electric utilities to explore more non-traditional water sources, such as produced water from CO 2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR), coal-bed methane recovery, and mining operations. Electric utilities, including coal-fired power plants, are the second largest users of freshwater in the United States. Produced water from EOR is variable in composition; it is dominated by high total dissolved solids composed mainly of sodium and chloride ions, on the order of 100,000 mg/L, and also high sulfate concentrations (up to 900 mg/L). Dissolved sulfate can cause stress corrosion cracking in steam turbine blades at concentrations as low as 8 mg/L. A certain level of treatment must be done before reuse in power plants is a viable option.This study focuses on sulfate removal from synthetic produced water and produced water from EOR and mining operations in the Illinois Basin using anion exchange resins. Equilibrium batch studies were conducted to compare commercially available strong base and weak base anion exchange resins of different type. Our results indicate that for optimal sulfate removal in high chloride solutions, (i.) weak base resins perform better than strong base resins, (ii.) resins with an epoxy polyamine matrix perform better than those with a divinylbenzene matrix, and (iii.) resins with secondary/tertiary amines perform better than those with pyridine functionality, and even better than those with quaternary ammonium. Reasons for better performance among resins include more closely spaced anion exchange sites and less steric hindrance. Sorption isotherms showed that weak base resins, pretreated with hydrochloric acid, significantly outperformed strong base resins, which had negligible sulfate removal at typical resin loadings. Resin titration curves coupled with experimental data were used to identify optimal pretreatment conditions for the weak base resins studied. Our results suggest that sulfate removal significantly decreases above 10,000 mg/L chloride, and that more moles of sulfate can be removed at high chloride concentrations when the chloride:sulfate ratio is lower. Sulfate removal was challenging for produced water from EOR and mining operations, with 576 and 918 mg/L sulfate, and 87,364 and 13,009 mg/L chloride, respectively. Measured sulfate removals were 8 and 70%, respectively. For practical use, weak base resins were able to be regenerated and their large retardation values allow for reasonable reactor dimensions.iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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“…The selectivity for the bivalent ions such as SO4 2-depends strongly on the basicity of the resin, the affinities of various functional groups following the order: primary > secondary > tertiary > quaternary. Therefore among the factors affecting the sorption equilibrium the most important are: first of all nature of functional groups and the concentration of the solution (Boari et al 1974). At low concentration the resin prefers ions at higher valency and this tendency increases with solution diluting.…”

Section: Anion Exchangers With the Tertiary And Secondary Amine Functmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Waters and Waste Waters Using Ion Exchange Methods

Hubicki¹,

Kołodyńska²

2012

Ion Exchange Technologies

110

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Ion Exchange Technologies 194gastrointestinal tract less than 10% cadmium is absorbed. An important source of human exposure to cadmium is food and water. In natural water its typical concentration lies below 0.001 mg/dm 3 , whereas, the upper limit recommended by EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) is less than 0.003 mg/dm 3 . The maximum limit in drinking water is 0.003 mg/dm 3 .Cadmium accumulates in kidneys, pancreas, intestines and glands altering the metabolism of the elements necessary for the body, such as zinc, copper, iron, magnesium, calcium and selenium. Damage to the respiratory tract and kidneys are the main adverse effects in humans exposed to cadmium compounds. In humans exposed to fumes and dusts chronic toxicity of cadmium compounds is usually found after a few years. The main symptom of emphysema is that it often develops without preceding bronchitis. The second basic symptom of chronic metal poisoning is kidney damage. It includes the loss and impairment of smell, pathological changes in the skeletal system (osteoporosis with spontaneous fractures and bone fractures), pain in the extremities and the spine, difficulty in walking, the formation of hypochromic anemia. The most known 'Itai-Itai' disease caused by cadmium exposure is mixed osteomalacia and osteoporosis. However, an important source of cadmium in soils are phosphate fertilizers. Large amounts of cadmium are also introduced to soil together with municipal waste. The high mobility of cadmium in all types of soils is the reason for its rapid integration into the food chain. Daily intake of cadmium from food in most countries of the world is 10-20 mg.Lead is a toxic metal, which accumulates in the vital organs of men and animals and enters into the body through air, water and food. According to the WHO (World Health Organization) standards, its maximum limit in drinking water is 0.05 mg/dm 3 but the maximum discharge limit for lead in wastewater is 0.5 mg/dm 3 . Its cumulative poisoning effects are serious haematological damage, anaemia, kidney malfunctioning, brain damage etc. Chronic exposure to lead causes severe lesions in kidney, liver, lungs and spleen.Lead is used as industrial raw material in the manufacture of storage batteries, pigments, leaded glass, fuels, photographic materials, matches and explosives. Lead being one of very important pollutants comes from wastewaters from refinery, wastewaters from production of basic compounds containing lead, wastewaters with the remains of after production solvents and paints. Large toxicity of lead requires that its contents are reduced to the minimum (ppb level). To this end there are applied chelating ions with the functional phosphonic and aminophosphonic groups. Also weakly basic anion exchangers in the free base form can be used for selective removal of lead(II) chloride complexes from the solutions of pH in the range 4-6. Also a combined process of cation exchange and precipitation is often applied for lead(II) removal form wastewaters (Pramanik et al. 2009). The average colle...

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Exchange equilibria on anion resins

Cited by 48 publications

References 9 publications

Reuse of Produced Water from CO<sub>2</sub> Enhanced Oil Recovery, Coal-Bed Methane, and Mine Pool Water by Coal-Based Power Plants

Reuse of Produced Water from CO<sub>2</sub> Enhanced Oil Recovery, Coal-Bed Methane, and Mine Pool Water by Coal-Based Power Plants

Sulfate Removal From Water Produced During CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery, Coal-Bed Methane Recovery, and Mining Operations Using Anion Exchange Resins

Selective Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Waters and Waste Waters Using Ion Exchange Methods

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