Exchanging of NH2/NHNH2/NHOH groups: An effective strategy for balancing the energy and safety of fused-ring energetic materials

Synthesis and detonation characters of 3,4,5-1H-trinitropyrazole and its nitrogen-rich energetic salts

“…8 Besides pursuing high energy, more aspects must be taken into account, such as low cost, high yield, and environmental friendliness. 9,10…”

“…8 Besides pursuing high energy, more aspects must be taken into account, such as low cost, high yield, and environmental friendliness. 9,10 Nitrogen-rich heterocyclic compounds have drawn extensive attention over the past decades because of their high nitrogen content as well as high heat of formation. 11-14 Among these heterocyclic compounds, pyrazole and triazole have been acknowledged as blocks to build new energetic materials due to their high density, high thermal stability, good detonation performance and lower sensitivity.…”

3-(3,5-Dinitrophenyl)-5-amino-1,2,4-oxadiazole: synthesis, structure and properties of a novel insensitive energetic material

“…Energetic materials have been more and more extensively studied and applied over the world in military and civilian fields due to the increasing demand for modern weapons and equipment. 1–4 Researchers have been making great efforts to obtain novel energetic materials with superior detonation performance and more insensitivity. 5,6 As far as practical applications are concerned, on the one hand, energetic materials need to possess excellent detonation properties; on the other hand, in view of the accidents occurred related to energetic materials, 7,8 the safety of energetic materials is particularly important in the synthesis, transportation, storage, and use of energetic materials, which places certain demands on the sensitivity properties of newly synthesized energetic materials.…”

Elaborating NH-Bridged Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials via Base-Mediated Dimroth Rearrangement: Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance Study

“…To mitigate these issues and enhance insensitivity and thermal stability, three key strategies are considered in molecular design. (a) Introduction of primary and secondary amines on the aromatic ring to enhance thermal stability through inter/intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions. − (b) The integration of the conjugated structures enhances the delocalization energy as well as π–π stacking interactions, which stabilizes the molecular framework and improves the thermal stability . (c) The synthesis of energetic salts from their neutral compounds to further enhance insensitivity and thermal stability. − Numerous hydrocarbon-based thermally stable energetic materials have been synthesized, such as trinitrotoluene (TNT, T d = 295 °C), hexanitrostilbene (HNS, T d = 318 °C), and 2,6-bis­(picrylamino)-3,5-dinitro pyridine (PYX, T d = 357 °C). , However, energetic compounds with a hydrocarbon backbone often exhibit a lower heat of formation than nitrogen-rich heterocyclic frameworks, presenting challenges in optimizing detonation performance.…”