Excitation Curve for theH3(p,γ)He4Reaction

Abstract

FIG. 2. Oscillogram of the spectrum excited by neutron capture in manganese.to the escape from the crystal of both annihilation quanta, and the weaker line at 3.94 Mev is due to the occasional capture of one such quantum by the crystal. The line at 4.45 Mev is too faint to show up in the reproduction. The lower energy group has been shown to correspond to the photoelectron lines produced by a trace of radium impurity in the polonium source, and to the polonium gamma-ray at approximately 790 kev. Figure 2 illustrates the spectrogram obtained with the manganese target in position. The oscillograph trigger level has been set fairly high to eliminate most of the intense low energy background pulses. It is apparent even from this reproduction that there are two intense bands, one at the end of the spectrum (consisting of three apparently associated pair lines), and the other at a somewhat lower energy (also consisting of three lines). Each of these bands has thus been identified with a homogeneous gamma-ray, the most prominent line in each group being the lowest energy pair line and corresponding to B and C in the differential discriminator distribution of Fig. 3. A is the Po-Be 3.43-Mev calibration line. The values of the two gamma-rays, as obtained from three photographs, are 5.27 Mev and 7.17 Mev, the corresponding differential discriminator values being 5.37 Mev and 7.15 Mev. We have, therefore, adopted values of 5.32±0.05 Mev and 7.16±0.05 Mev for the gamma-rays of neutron capture in Mn K , thus concluding that the latter figure represents the binding energy of the last neutron in Mn 56 and that there exists an excited level in the same nucleus of 1.84 Mev. The lower energy gamma-ray has not previously been reported, but recently Kinsey et al., 6 using a magnetic coincidence pair spectrometer in conjunction with the Chalk River reactor, have reported a gamma-ray of 7.25±0.03 Mev for manganese. However, manganese is classified by them as having a ground-state transition which predominates over that of all other radiation, a conclusion which does not follow from our own results which suggest a comparable intensity for the two radiations reported.It is recognized that an improvement in technique would probably be the use of a triple coincidence device to count only the main pair line for each gamma-ray, as discussed by Johanssen. 7 Such an arrangement would, however, require a much stronger neutron flux than was available. In conclusion we would emphasize that the photographic technique provides an excellent means for the rapid survey of neutron capture spectra, especially if microphotometer recording is available. A few homogeneous gammarays have been obtained with targets of Cd, CI, Ni, and W, superimposed on continuous backgrounds of unresolved radiation. 30 40 VOLTS FIG. 3. Differential pulse height distribution for the spectrum excited by neutron capture in manganese. (A) Po-Be calibration line at 3.43 Mev. (B) Main pair line of manganese gamma-ray of 5.37 Mev. (C) Main pair line of manganese gamma-ray of 7.15 ...

The influence of the internally displaced persons forced migration on the dynamics of regional social and economic security indicators

“…82 The situation was only a short-lived insurrection against the authority of the state 83 and within the ability of its police force to 'reduce the seditious party to respect the municipal legal order'. 84 If the government was rapidly able to suppress the rebel faction 'by normal procedures of internal security', 85 the situation did not fall within the scope of international law. 86 The rebels challenging the de jure government had no legal rights or protection under traditional international law, 87 and whilst foreign States were entitled to assist the government in its efforts to suppress the rebels, they were to refrain from giving support to the rebel party, for to do so would constitute illegal intervention.…”

“…This permits third states to participate in an internal war without finding themselves 'at war', which would be the consequence of intervention on either side once the internal war had been identified as a state of belligerency. 98 Whereas a recognition of insurgency served as a partial internationalization of the conflict, recognition of that same party as a belligerent would lead to a full internationalization of it.…”

“…101 International law treated an internal war with the status of belligerency in essentially the same way as a war between sovereign states. When recognized as a belligerent, the non-state party to a non-international conflict was consequently under traditional international law, to be treated essentially like a state at war, 102 and had the same rights and duties. The obligation to ensure respect for the humanitarian norms was then equally binding for the non-state party (i.e.…”

“…there is a "no-definition" school of thought which considers this to be a "blessing in disguise"' (Jelena Pejic, 'Status of conflict', in Elizabeth Wilmshurst and Susan Breau (eds), Perspectives on the ICRC Study on Customary International Humanitarian Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007, p 85…”