Excitation of surface and volume plasmons in a metal nanosphere by fast electrons

Gildenburg, V. B.; Kostin, V. A.; Pavlichenko, I. A.

doi:10.1063/1.4944395

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Different causes may promote the observed peak splitting. Importantly, in contrast to optical spectra, EELS spectra may contain strong contribution from multipole surface plasmons . Note that the excitation of multipolar modes is favored in the UV over the visible range, since the wavelengths are more comparable to the size of the nanoparticles (i.e., λ p, Ga = 88.5 nm); as it is the case, for instance, of Al nanospheres showing dipole (DP) and quadrupole (QP) mode contributions .…”

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confidence: 99%

High Spatial Resolution Mapping of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances in Single Gallium Nanoparticles

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Catalán‐Gómez

Nucciarelli

et al. 2019

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materials, as certain semiconductor systems, [6] have been demonstrated to show plasmonic behavior, where the plasmon resonance is achieved by the excitation of interband transitions. [7] Among metals, noble metals as gold and silver have been the most extensively studied and exploited plasmonic systems, whose response lies on the VIS-IR spectral region. However, expanding the operability range up to the UV region is highly desirable to cover further applications, [8] which requires exploring alternative plasmonic materials.Within this context, few material systems optically active at the UV, as Mg, Al, or Ga are currently catching the attention of many research groups. [9,10] The ability to obtain these materials as colloidal suspensions offers a further advantage since it allows for their easy and cheap synthesis as nanostructures. Aluminum is an attractive choice as UV plasmonic material due to its bulk plasma frequency (15 eV) and earth abundance. [11] The strong interband transitions in Al, at about 1.5 eV, damp the possible resonances at that spectral range (NIR), while the material can support LSPR below and above that region. The short wavelengths of Al resonances (typically, 150-250 nm) become comparable to the nanoparticle (NP) size, leading to the emergence of higher order LSPRs. Regarding the spectral shape, the large linewidth of Al resonances as compared to noble metals can be understood through the modified long wavelength approximation, where the radiative damping scales with the cubed oscillation frequency (ω 3 ). [12] Although much less studied until date, Mg also shows UV plasmon resonances as consequence of its bulk plasma frequency, supporting IR resonances, too, in contrast to Al. Up to three different LSPR modes have been reported for Mg hexagonal nanoplates. [9] Another alternative UV plasmonic material is gallium (Ga), having a high bulk plasmon energy, at 14 eV; [13] exhibiting strong UV LSPR due to its negative real part of the electric function along with its low imaginary part of the dielectric function. Simple synthetic procedures allow obtaining gallium nanoparticles (Ga NPs) in a cost effective way such as thermal evaporation. The plasmonic response of the synthesized Ga NPs can be tuned, for instance, as function of their size and shape. [14][15][16] Thus, Ga NPs are among the ideal candidates to spread the application range of plasmonic systems suitable, for instance, for DNA sensing. [17] Plasmonics has emerged as an attractive field driving the development of optical systems in order to control and exploit light-matter interactions. The increasing interest around plasmonic systems is pushing the research of alternative plasmonic materials, spreading the operability range from IR to UV. Within this context, gallium appears as an ideal candidate, potentially active within a broad spectral range (UV-VIS-IR), whose optical properties are scarcely reported. Importantly, the smart design of active plasmonic materials requires their characterization at high spatial and spectral resolu...

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confidence: 99%

High Spatial Resolution Mapping of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances in Single Gallium Nanoparticles

Mata

Catalán‐Gómez

Nucciarelli

et al. 2019

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“…These studies could provide some interesting results to better understand hot electrons, or the role of hot electrons in the interplay between LSPs and SPPs [80]: perhaps we are sitting on the brink of a new subfield. By reviewing and reporting the most recent advances in the field with respect to the opportunity to employ them to study the existence of bulk or volume plasmons in single nanoparticles [22,81], we realize the real potential of revealing new interesting phenomena by combining electron-based and photonbased techniques.…”

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confidence: 99%

Multipolar and bulk modes: fundamentals of single-particle plasmonics through the advances in electron and photon techniques

2020

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Recent developments in the application of plasmonic nanoparticles have showcased the importance of understanding in detail their plasmonic resonances at the single-particle level. These resonances can be excited and probed through various methods, which can be grouped in four categories, depending on whether excitation and detection involve electrons (electron energy loss spectroscopy), photons (e.g., dark-field microscopy), or both (cathodoluminescence and photon-induced near-field electron microscopy). While both photon-based and electron-based methods have made great strides toward deepening our understanding of known plasmonic properties and discovering new ones, they have in general progressed in parallel, without much cross-pollination. This evolution can be primarily attributed to the different theoretical approaches driving these techniques, mainly dictated by the inherent different nature of electrons and photons. The discrepancies that still exist among them have hampered the development of a holistic approach to the characterization of plasmonic materials. In this review therefore, we aim to briefly present those electron-based and photon-based methods fundamental to the study of plasmonic properties at the single-particle level, with an eye to new behaviors involving multipolar, propagating, and bulk modes coexisting in colloidal nanostructures. By exploring the key fundamental discoveries in nanoparticle plasmonics achieved with these techniques, herein we assess how integrating this information could encourage the creation of a unified understanding of the various phenomena occurring in individual nanoparticles, which would benefit the plasmonics and electron microscopy communities alike.

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“…Here, ) ( 1 ξ j and ) ( 1 ξ y are the first-order spherical Bessel function of the first and second kind, respectively, the constants 0 C , 1 C , 2 C , 3 C , 4 C , and P (the last of them is the dipole moment of the shell) can be found from the boundary condition at a r = and b r = , that are the continuity of the potential and the normal components of the displacement and the electric field (the latter condition implies the absence of electron current density at the plasma boundaries; see also Refs. [29,[31][32][33]). Because the expressions for these constants are too cumbersome, we present here only most important of them, namely, the dipole moment:…”

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“…The changes in the shell plasmon spectrum, caused by the spatial dispersion effects are in principle the same as for the solid spherical cluster [29,[31][32][33] and they are determined by the relation between the Thomas-Fermi length p F TF V ω = λ / and the characteristic structure dimensions. There are two main such effects: (i) a frequency blueshift of surface plasmonsthat is so called "dimension effect" (that is noticeably pure classical here, but not quantum one); (ii) enrichment of the resonant spectrum by the series of the volume plasmons lying in the region of p ω > ω…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Among different possible dissipation mechanisms, the main role in the studied system is played evidently by the collisionless one, (i.e., the Landau damping) and we can take it into account in the framework of the hydrodynamic approach by estimating the parameter ν on the basis of some simplified kinetic models. For the collective electron excitations in the bounded nanoplasma with characteristic dimension L that determines the mean free path of electrons in the direction of its oscillations (for example, it is the radius of the solid spherical cluster or the thickness of the plane layer), the parameter of collisionless dissipation ν evaluated in the framework of such models commonly appears to be approximately equal to the inverse characteristic free-flight time of electrons: L AV F / = ν , where A is the coefficient of the order of unity [29,31,36,37]. As applied to the shell resonances, it is naturally to set a L = for the lowest plasmon with 0 = n (where the mean free pass length of the electrons in the direction of its meridional oscillations is of the order of the smaller radius) and l L = for the higher plasmon (transformed to the volume one with growing F V ) and several low-lying volume modes (where this length in the direction of radial oscillations is the shell thickness).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Hydrodynamic model of the collective electron resonances in C60 fullerene

Gildenburg

Pavlichenko

2017

Physics of Plasmas

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The polarization-response spectrum of the fullerene C 60 modeled as a homogeneous spherical plasma shell is calculated in the framework of the hydrodynamic approach allowing for the spatial dispersion caused by the Fermi-distributed valence electrons. The dipole eigenoscillations spectrum of the shell is found to contain a series of plasmons distinguished by the frequency and the radial structure. The first two of them (whose structures for C 60 is the subject of discussion up to now) pass to the lower and higher surface plasmons of the plasma shell if its thickness is much larger than Tomas-Fermi length. However, under parameters values corresponding to the C 60 molecule, when these lengths are of the same order, both these plasmons (providing the main contribution to the fullerene absorption spectrum) are found to be actually volume ones in their spatial structure, and the frequency of the higher of them becomes larger than the plasma frequency (as with all the higher volume plasmons). The resonance curve of the fullerene absorption cross-section calculated on the basis of the developed model with allowance for the surface losses caused by the reflection of electrons at the shell boundaries agrees satisfactorily with the experimental data.Studies on the dynamical polarizability of the spherical plasma shells interacting with the fields of different external sources are of interest in connection with the problems of the observed scattering and absorption spectra identification of the fullerenes (and, in particular, C 60 molecule), displaying oscillatory features of plasma-like systems due to a great number of the valence (delocalized) electrons [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Related circle of problems arises also when studying metamaterials made on the basis of shell-like structures (for example, semiconductor quantum dots or metal-dielectric nanoparticles) [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. The studies described in the references above have allowed to reveal a number of important features and characteristics of the fullerene polarization processes. There was predicted [1] and confirmed experimentally [2-5] the existence of the so-called giant resonance of C 60 molecule in the frequency range ~ 20 -40 eV, associated with the excitation of the dipole surface plasmons. The plasmon resonances spectra of this molecule were studied in different aspects: based on the quantum [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] and semiclassical [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] approaches (including the nonlinear effects in the processes of the one-photon and multi-photon absorption [9]), with the dipole and high multipoles excitations taken into account [6][7][8][14][15][16][17][18], under different manifestation conditions (excitation by the optical radiation [5,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] and moving electrons [6-8]), and different approximations of electron density distribution (homogeneous [5-10,13,14] or inhomogeneous shells [11,12] and 2D spherical films [15][16][17][18]). Nevertheless, the carr...

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Excitation of surface and volume plasmons in a metal nanosphere by fast electrons

Cited by 13 publications

References 48 publications

High Spatial Resolution Mapping of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances in Single Gallium Nanoparticles

High Spatial Resolution Mapping of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances in Single Gallium Nanoparticles

Multipolar and bulk modes: fundamentals of single-particle plasmonics through the advances in electron and photon techniques

Hydrodynamic model of the collective electron resonances in C60 fullerene

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