Excitatory amino acid transporter expression by astrocytes is neuroprotective against microglial excitotoxicity

Increased Vulnerability to Depressive-Like Behavior of Mice with Decreased Expression of VGLUT1

“…The downregulation of cortical and hippocampal EAAT1 supports the idea of decreased glutamate release in the VGLUT1 dependent synapses because this glial transporter is regulated by the amount of glutamate released into the synaptic cleft (32,33). In disagreement with this, in the initial characterization of the VGLUT1 knock-out mice, no apparent differences in the evoked excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) in VGLUT1+/-hippocampal cultured neurons were shown (13) suggesting that a 50% reduction in the vesicular VGLUT content does not affect the quantal size.…”

“…In addition, a recent study addressing the effects of CMS on glial metabolism, has shown decreased glial GABA formation (49) which is consistent with our results. The upregulation of hippocampal EAAT1 may occur as a neuroprotective response to stressinduced elevations in glutamate in the synaptic cleft (32,33) as well as in response to increased corticosterone levels (50).…”

The dilaton Wess-Zumino action in higher dimensions

“…Allowing for scheme dependent terms in the anomaly, such as a ∇ 2 R in four dimensions, one finds more interactions in the dilaton effective action. In the proof of the a theorem in four dimensions such terms are eliminated from the dilaton scattering amplitude by using the on-shell condition, but in higher dimensions this is not possible, a fact that complicates the attempts to generalize the proof to higher dimensions [10,11]. We choose our scheme such that these terms do not appear in the effective action in order to isolate the Wess-Zumino action.…”

“…[1] and [10]), but it is less suited for the procedure which we will describe below. How can one extract information about the RG flow from this action?…”

“…Such attempts were discussed in [10] and [11] for 6 and 8 dimensions respectively 2 . These attempts did not lead to a proof for an analogue of the a theorem in higher dimensions, mainly due to difficulties in constructing dispersion relations with positivity constraints in which the contribution of the anomaly dependent terms can be isolated.…”