Excitatory and inhibitory processes acting upon individual Purkinje cells of the cerebellum in cats

Granit, Raǵnar; Phillips, C. G.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1956.sp005606

Cited by 413 publications

(172 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…4d), there is no sign of one in fig. 4a [Rose and Mountcastle, 1954; and cerebellar Purkinje cells [Granit and Phillips, 1956;Matthews, Phillips and Rushworth, 1958]: a positivenegative diphasic spike with a step on its positive-going upstroke. Without further adjustment of the microdrive this spike increases in amplitude to about 10 mV.…”

Section: Effects Of Single and Double Antidromic Volleysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…in the spinal motoneurone [e.g. Coombs, Curtis and Eccles, 1957 a and b;Fatt, 1957 a and b;Freygang and Frank, 1958;Fuortes, Frank and Becker, 1957], the crayfish sensory neurone [Edwards and Ottoson, 1958;Eyzaguirre and Kuffler, 1955], in the catfish Mauthner cell [Tasaki, Hagiwara and Watanabe, 1954], and in the cerebellar Purkinje cell [Granit and Phillips, 1956]. Records from a still wider range of neurones would show whether any properties are peculiar to particular types of cells or related to specific neuronal structures.…”

Section: Introduction In Previous Microelectrode Experiments On Singlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Actions of Antidromic Pyramidal Volleys on Single Betz Cells in the Cat

Phillips¹

1959

Exp Physiol

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319

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Using microcapillary electrodes in the motor cortex of cats under hexobarbitone, extracellular records were made from seventy-one Betz cells. Nineteen of these cells also gave intracellular records. The cells were identified by antidromic pyramidal stimulation. The extracellular records were diphasic positive-negative spikes of the type previously recorded from cerebellar Purkinje cells and other central neurones. The initial phase of the positive-going component (the " prepotential ") represents the " initial segment " spike of Coombs, Curtis and Eccles [1957] and the "A" spike of Fuortes, Frank and Becker [1957]. Disintegration of the Betz-cell spike into its components by two closely-spaced stimuli has been the exception rather than, as in spinal motoneurones, the rule. Pyramidal stimulation with one to four fine silver wires, with 0-2 msec. current pulses of strength up to 300 MsA, repeated at up to 420 c.s., caused no movement of the limbs, though some axons were stimulated at strength 18 MA. Shocks too weak to excite the axons of the recorded Betz cells were used to test the reaction of these cells to activity in other pyramidal axons. The usual consequence was an early facilitating-depolarizing reaction, followed by depressed excitability associated with increased polarization of the membrane. The most probable, but not the only possible, cause of these reactions is impulse traffic in the recurrent axon collaterals of the activated Betz cells.

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Section: Effects Of Single and Double Antidromic Volleysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction In Previous Microelectrode Experiments On Singlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Actions of Antidromic Pyramidal Volleys on Single Betz Cells in the Cat

Phillips¹

1959

Exp Physiol

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319

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“…One effect that follows climbing fiber activation in a Purkinje cell is a brief inactivation of simple spikes lasting ϳ15-30 ms (Granit and Phillips, 1956;Thach, 1967;Bell and Grimm, 1969). This inactivation, or pause, may be caused both by the direct action of the climbing fiber on the Purkinje cell and by inhibition of the Purkinje cell via activation of the neighboring interneurons through the climbing fiber collaterals (Murphy and Sabah, 1970;Bloedel and Roberts, 1971;Colin et al, 1980).…”

Section: Functions Of Climbing Fiber Burstsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A Purkinje cell, after being penetrated by a glass microelectrode, often depolarizes to the point at which it no longer generates action potentials (Granit and Phillips, 1956;Eccles et al, 1966). The climbing fiber input is then registered as either a single EPSP or more usually as a compound EPSP composed of multiple EPSPs separated from each other by ϳ2 ms (Eccles et al, 1966;Armstrong and Rawson, 1979).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraburst and Interburst Signaling by Climbing Fibers

Maruta

Hensbroek²,

Simpson³

2007

J. Neurosci.

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Although cerebellar Purkinje cell complex spikes occur at low frequency (ϳ1/s), each complex spike is often associated with a highfrequency burst (ϳ500/s) of climbing fiber spikes. We examined the possibility that signals are present within the climbing fiber bursts. By intracellularly recording from depolarized, nonspiking Purkinje cells in anesthetized pigmented rabbits, climbing fiber burst patterns were investigated by determining the number of components in the induced compound EPSPs during spontaneous activity and during visual stimulation. For our sample of 43 cells, Ͼ70% of all EPSPs were of the compound type composed of two or three EPSPs. During spontaneous activity, the number of components in each compound EPSP was not related to the latency to the succeeding compound EPSP. Conversely, the number of components in each compound EPSP was related to its latency after the preceding compound EPSP. This latency increased from 0.62 s for one-component EPSPs to 1.69 s for compound EPSPs with four or more components. The effect of visual stimulation on the climbing fiber activity was studied in 19 floccular Purkinje cells whose low-frequency interburst climbing fiber response was modulated by movement about the vertical axis. During sinusoidal oscillation (0.1 Hz, Ϯ10°), compound EPSPs with a larger number of components tended to be more prevalent during movement in the excitatory direction than in the inhibitory direction. Thus, climbing fibers can, in addition to modulation of their low interburst frequency, transmit signals in the form of the number of spikes within each high-frequency burst.

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“…Axons from the dc cross the midline and terminate as climbing fibres on Purkinje cells in the right cerebellar flocculus, ipsilateral to the right eye stimulated in the CCW direction (figure 1a) [32 -34]. Each Purkinje cell receives synaptic input from only one climbing fibre which makes approximately 500 glutamatergic synaptic contacts as it envelopes the dendritic tree [35][36][37][38]. The climbing fibre evokes the largest excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) of any known central synapse [39].…”

Section: (A) Horizontal Optokinetic Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term climbing fibre activity induces transcription of microRNAs in cerebellar Purkinje cells

Barmack

Qian

Yakhnitsa

2014

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Synaptic activation of central neurons is often evoked by electrical stimulation leading to post-tetanic potentiation, long-term potentiation or long-term depression. Even a brief electrical tetanus can induce changes in as many as 100 proteins. Since climbing fibre activity is often associated with cerebellar behavioural plasticity, we used horizontal optokinetic stimulation (HOKS) to naturally increase synaptic input to floccular Purkinje cells in mice for hours, not minutes, and investigated how this activity influenced the transcription of microRNAs, small non-coding nucleotides that reduce transcripts of multiple, complementary mRNAs. A single microRNA can reduce the translation of as many as 30 proteins. HOKS evoked increases in 12 microRNA transcripts in floccular Purkinje cells. One of these microRNAs, miR335, increased 18-fold after 24 h of HOKS. After HOKS stopped, miR335 transcripts decayed with a time constant of approximately 2.5 h. HOKS evoked a 28-fold increase in pri-miR335 transcripts compared with an 18-fold increase in mature miR335 transcripts, confirming that climbing fibre-evoked increases in miR335 could be attributed to increases in transcription. We used three screens to identify potential mRNA targets for miR335 transcripts: (i) nucleotide complementarity, (ii) detection of increased mRNAs following microinjection of miR335 inhibitors into the cerebellum, and (iii) detection of decreased mRNAs following HOKS. Two genes, calbindin and 14-3-3-θ, passed these screens. Transfection of N2a cells with miR335 inhibitors or precursors inversely regulated 14-3-3-θ transcripts. Immunoprecipitation of 14-3-3-θ co-immunoprecipitated PKC-γ and GABA A γ 2 . Knockdown of either 14-3-3-θ or PKC-γ decreased the serine phosphorylation of GABA A γ 2 , suggesting that 14-3-3-θ and PKC-γ under the control of miR335 homeostatically regulate the phosphorylation and insertion of GABA A γ 2 into the Purkinje cell post-synaptic membrane.

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Excitatory and inhibitory processes acting upon individual Purkinje cells of the cerebellum in cats

Cited by 413 publications

References 33 publications

Actions of Antidromic Pyramidal Volleys on Single Betz Cells in the Cat

Actions of Antidromic Pyramidal Volleys on Single Betz Cells in the Cat

Intraburst and Interburst Signaling by Climbing Fibers

Long-term climbing fibre activity induces transcription of microRNAs in cerebellar Purkinje cells

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