1993
DOI: 10.1097/00006205-199307000-00002
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Exclusive Breast-Feeding for at Least 4 Months Protects Against Otitis Media

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Cited by 198 publications
(175 citation statements)
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“…studies published recently. 3,6,7 These studies indicate a beneficial effect of breastfeeding (even for short durations) on reducing AOM episodes in infancy. Day care outside the home was an important risk factor in our study and has been reported to be a significant risk factor for AOM in larger cohorts described in metaanalytic reports.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 72%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…studies published recently. 3,6,7 These studies indicate a beneficial effect of breastfeeding (even for short durations) on reducing AOM episodes in infancy. Day care outside the home was an important risk factor in our study and has been reported to be a significant risk factor for AOM in larger cohorts described in metaanalytic reports.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 72%
“…4 A metaanalysis of recent follow-up studies concluded that breastfeeding even for 3 months was protective in decreasing the risk of OM. [5][6][7][8] In the United States, the bacteria most predominantly associated with OM infections in childhood include Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. 9,10 Bacterial infections are thought to play a more significant role in AOM compared with OME.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The immune system in human milk includes secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), immunoglobulin G, free fatty acids, monoglycerides, proteins such as lactoferrin, lactalbumin, glycans, nonabsorbed oligosaccharides, exosomes, immunomodulators such as cytokines, nucleic acids, antioxidants, and immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes (1,4,5,(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). All these immunologic milk constituents interact together and with the newborn's gut directly or indirectly (e.g., by changing the gut flora) to increase immunity against infection, and probably also contribute to the maturation and efficiency of the newborn immune system (5,6).Many studies in both industrialized and developing countries have shown that nursing infants are less vulnerable to infections during their first months of life, including gastroenteritis, respiratory infections, otitis media, urinary tract infections, and necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants (3,(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25).The mechanisms involved in the immunity provided by human milk to the nursing infant are not fully understood. Until recently, it was believed that the changes in immunological constituents of breast milk were mostly related to the time that elapsed from delivery or, in some cases, were also related to the mother's nutritional state.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Many studies in both industrialized and developing countries have shown that nursing infants are less vulnerable to infections during their first months of life, including gastroenteritis, respiratory infections, otitis media, urinary tract infections, and necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants (3,(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…While the evidence for the nutritional benefits of breast-feeding is robust, the practice also confers a number of non-nutritional advantages to young infants relating to the protection against acute infections (4,5) , including neonatal enterocolitis (6) , respiratory illness (7) and otitis media (8,9) , as well as enhanced behavioural and physiological development (10) .…”
Section: Breast-feeding Practices: Initiation Determinants: Irelandmentioning
confidence: 99%