Exclusive breastfeeding, breastfeeding problems, and maternal breastfeeding attitudes before and after the baby-friendly hospital initiative: A quasi-experimental study

Mäkelä, Heli; Axelin, Anna; Kolari, Terhi; Niela‐Vilén, Hannakaisa

doi:10.1016/j.srhc.2022.100806

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 28 publications

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“…As recommended by the World Health Organization, breast milk should be the main food for infants, that is, exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life and continued breastfeeding up to 2 years of age . However, a large proportion of infants are not well breastfed due to some difficulties in breastfeeding, such as inadequate milk volume and newborns’ refusal to suckle . According to the latest statistics, up to 56% of infants aged 0–6 months worldwide were not received exclusive breastfeeding over the period of 2015–2020 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Novel and Traditional Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants in Baby Food from China: A Dominant Pathway for Infant Exposure

Liang

Pan

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are a group of ubiquitous contaminants with multiple toxicities. However, current knowledge on the occurrence of SPAs in baby food and associated infant exposure is lacking. Herein, we analyzed three categories of baby food from China: infant formula, cereal, and puree, for a broad suite of 11 traditional and 19 novel SPAs. In addition to 11 traditional SPAs, up to 13 novel SPAs were detected in the baby food samples. The median concentrations of novel SPAs for infant formula, cereal, and puree were 604, 218, and 24.1 ng/g, respectively, surpassing those of traditional SPAs (53.4, 62.1, and 10.0 ng/g). The prevalent SPAs in the samples were butylated hydroxytoluene, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, pentaerythritol tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate] (AO 1010), and octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (AO 1076). Source analysis indicated that the prevalence of these four SPAs in baby food was associated with contamination of packaging materials, mechanical processing, or raw ingredients. Migration experiments demonstrated that contamination of plastic packaging constituted an important source. Exposure assessment suggested that there may be no appreciable health risk posed by the SPAs in baby food. Even so, baby food consumption was still a dominant pathway for infant exposure to SPAs, with a higher contribution than breast milk consumption, dust ingestion, dermal dust absorption, and air inhalation, which requires special attention.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%