Excretion of Nicotinic Acid by Biotin-Deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Rose, Anthony H.

doi:10.1099/00221287-23-1-143

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The cytoplasmic membrane in yeast grown in unsupplemented biotin-deficient medium tends to split along the lipid layer, which suggests that this component of the lipoprotein membrane is structurally different from its counterpart in the membrane of biotin-optimal yeast. This conclusion is supported by the finding that, when synthesis of protein, the other main constituent of the lipoprotein membrane, is restored by growing the yeast in a biotin-deficient medium supplemented with aspartate, neither the fine structure of the membrane nor its permeability properties (Rose, 1963) resembled those of biotin-optimal yeast. But addition of oleic acid (including 22%, w/w, elaidic acid) to the biotindeficient medium causes a partial restoration of the osmotic behaviour of the yeast (Rose, 1963) and also leads to changes in the fine structure of the cytoplasmic membrane.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…For example, the structure of the cytoplasmic and vacuolar membranes in yeast grown in unsupplemented biotin-deficient medium appears to be altered to such an extent that the membranes become damaged during preparation of the specimen for electron microscopy. This behaviour can be correlated with increased permeability of biotin-deficient yeast to a wide range of solutes (Rose, 1963). The cytoplasmic membrane in yeast grown in unsupplemented biotin-deficient medium tends to split along the lipid layer, which suggests that this component of the lipoprotein membrane is structurally different from its counterpart in the membrane of biotin-optimal yeast.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eflect of butanol treatment. Treatment with aqueous butanol is known to break the osmotic barrier in many micro-organisms (Mitchell & Moyle, 1956) and it has been shown (Rose, 1963) that the osmotic behaviour of biotin-optimal yeast treated with aqueous butanol resembles that of untreated biotin-deficient yeast. In view of the difference in structure of the cytoplasmic membrane in biotin-optimal yeast (Pl.…”

Section: Electron Microscopy Of Thin Sections Of Yeastmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DIXON AND A. H. ROSE synthesis of certain enzymes as compared with yeast grown in aspartate-free biotin-deficient medium (Ahmad & Rose, 1962a). Biotin deficiency has also been shown to bring about changes in the permeability properties of yeast, organisms grown in media containing a suboptimal concentration of biotin being much more permeable than biotin-optimal yeast to a wide range of solutes (Rose, 1963). Since biotin is known to function coenzymically in acetyl-CoA carboxylase, an enzyme concerned in fatty acid synthesis (Wakil, 1961), it is possible that the lipoprotein cytoplasmic membrane in biotin-deficient yeast is structurally different from that in biotin-optimal yeast.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since biotin is known to function coenzymically in acetyl-CoA carboxylase, an enzyme concerned in fatty acid synthesis (Wakil, 1961), it is possible that the lipoprotein cytoplasmic membrane in biotin-deficient yeast is structurally different from that in biotin-optimal yeast. The biotin-sparing action of certain fatty acids (Williams & Fieger, 1946;Suomalainen & Keranen, 1963), and their ability partially to restore the permeability properties of biotin-deficient yeast (Rose, 1963) are presumably due to their action in restoring normal membrane synthesis. Yeast grown in biotin-deficient medium has also been shown to have an altered polysaccharide composition, the organisms containing a greater proportion of glucan and less mannan than biotin-optimal yeast.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Observations on the Fine Structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as Affected by Biotin Deficiency

Dixon¹,

Rose²

1964

Journal of General Microbiology

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electron Microscopy Of Thin Sections Of Yeastmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Observations on the Fine Structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as Affected by Biotin Deficiency

Dixon¹,

Rose²

1964

Journal of General Microbiology

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Nicotinic Acid and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Contents of Baker's Yeast in Changing Culture Conditions

Suomalainen

Björklund

Vihervaara

et al. 1965

Journal of the Institute of Brewing

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When, during its industrial propagation, baker's yeast is transferred from high‐nutrient anaerobic growth conditions to vigorously aerated, low‐nutrient conditions its nicotinic acid and NAD‐NADH2* contents decrease to two‐fifths of the original amounts. The content of nicotinic acid falls from about 8.2 μmoles to 3.2 μmoles and the NAD‐NADH2 content from 6.6 μmoles to 2.7 μmoles per g. dry matter. The amount of nicotinic acid synthesized remains almost at the same level when calculated per g. yeast dry matter, being increased threefold when calculated as a percentage of the total amount of nicotinic acid present in the yeast. Hence, the fall in the nicotinic acid content is not so steep as would be expected from the limited supply of molasses, containing nicotinic acid. Baker's yeast is able to take up nicotinic acid without difficulty from the growth medium, accumulating nicotinic acid up to 8, or even 14 times the content of the original yeast. Addition of nicotinic acid inhibits the yeast's own nicotinic acid synthesis, and may stop it completely. When an amount of nicotinic acid three times as great as the content in seed yeast was added to an aerated culture at the commercial yeast stage, the nicotinic acid and NAD contents were doubled in 1 hr. Later, the content of NAD fell abruptly, and at the end of the growth period was at the same level as in a parallel propagation to which nicotinic acid had not been added. This seems to indicate that, under aerobic conditions, baker's yeast does not “need” more NAD than it contains after the normal propagation process. Laboratory experiments proved that although the content of nicotinic acid in baker's yeast increased to as much as 14 times its original amount, the content of NAD only rose two‐fold.

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Biotin and the Metabolism of Baker's Yeast

Oura

Suomalainen

1978

Journal of the Institute of Brewing

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Based on experimental results and the results presented in the literature a model for the meta bolism of baker's yeast under biotin deficiency is presented. In these conditions the most sensi tive point in the metabolism is the carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate catalyzed by the biotin-containing pyruvate carboxylase. Because the rate of glycolysis is not affected by biotindeficiency pyruvate accumulates in the cells and is partially excreted into the medium. The high pyruvate pool in the cells means that the metabolism is mainly fermentative even in vigorously aerated cultures. The oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA proceeds almost unaffected, as can be seen by the production of elevated amounts of ethyl acetate by yeast grown under sub-optimal biotin concentrations. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which also has biotin as the prosthetic group, is not as sensitive to a deficiency of this growth factor as is pyruvate carboxylase. In yeast grown without biotin the amounts of fatty acids and lipids are the same or even higher than in cells grown under optimal conditions. The metabolism from oxaloacetate towards the TCA cycle and glutamate is not affected as strongly as is the metabolism to aspartate, which is present in cells in strictly limited amounts. This causes an over-production of metabolic intermediates, e.g. diazotizable arylamine and hypoxanthine as well as citrulline. Their conversion to normal cell constituents, purine nucleotides and arginine, is dependent on the aspartate available and is thus depressed by lack of biotin.

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Excretion of Nicotinic Acid by Biotin-Deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Cited by 19 publications

References 23 publications

Observations on the Fine Structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as Affected by Biotin Deficiency

Observations on the Fine Structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as Affected by Biotin Deficiency

Nicotinic Acid and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Contents of Baker's Yeast in Changing Culture Conditions

Biotin and the Metabolism of Baker's Yeast

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