Excretory Patterns of Urinary Free 11-Hydroxycortico-Steroids and Total Oestrogens Throughout the Normal Menstrual Cycle

Walker, M. S.; McGilp, I.

doi:10.1177/000456327801500143

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…such as androgens and glucocorticoids (Vermeulen & Verdonck, 1976; M.S. Walker & McGilp, 1978). Yet, again, there is as much evidence against these hypotheses as there is for them (see Janowsky & Rausch, 1985;Rubinow& Roy-Byrne, 1984).…”

Section: Biological Explanationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other researchers have suggested that depressive symptoms in the premenstrual, postpartum, and menopause phases may result from excess prolactin levels (see Rubinow & Roy-Byrne, 1984) or from fluctuations in the adrenocortical hormones, such as androgens and glucocorticoids (Vermeulen & Verdonck, 1976; M.S. Walker & McGilp, 1978).…”

Section: Explanations For the Sex Differences In Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory.

Nolen–Hoeksema¹

1987

Psychological Bulletin

1,729

1,039

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A large body of evidence indicates that women are more likely than men to show unipolar depression. Five classes of explanations for these sex differences are examined and the evidence for each class is reviewed. Not one of these explanations adequately accounts for the magnitude of the sex differences in depression. Finally, a response set explanation for the sex differences in depression is proposed. According to this explanation, men are more likely to engage in distracting behaviors that dampen their mood when depressed, but women are more likely to amplify their moods by ruminating about their depressed states and the possible causes of these states. Regardless of the initial source of a depressive episode (i.e., biological or psychological) men's more active responses to their negative moods may be more adaptive on average than women's less active, more ruminative responses. The epidemiology of a disorder can provide important clues to its etiology. When a disorder only strikes persons from one geographical region, one social class, or one gender, we can ask what characteristics of the vulnerable group might be making its members vulnerable. A frequent finding in epidemiological studies of mental disorders is that women are more prone to unipolar affective disorders than are men (Boyd & Weissman, 1981; Weissman & Klerman, 1977). A number of different explanations have been proposed to account for women's greater vulnerability to depression. Previous reviews of these explanations (e.g., Weissman & Klerman, 1977) have been quite brief and uncritical. In this article, the evidence for sex differences in unipolar depression first is summarized, then the most prominent explanations proposed for these sex differences are discussed in detail. These explanations include those attributing the differences to the response biases of subjects, as well as biological, psychoanalytic, sex role, and learned helplessness explanations. Although most of the proposed explanations for sex differences in depression have received some empirical support, not one of them has been definitively supported and not one as yet accounts for the magnitude of sex differences in depression. In the final section of this article it is suggested that differences in the ways that men and women respond to their own depressive episodes, whatever the origin of these episodes, may be an important source of the sex differences observed in depression.

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Section: Biological Explanationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Explanations For the Sex Differences In Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory.

Nolen–Hoeksema¹

1987

Psychological Bulletin

1,729

1,039

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…However, none of the women exhibited UFCjCr ratios above the normal range at any time throughout the menstrual cycle (Walker and McGilp, 1978). In cases of frank Cushing's syndrome, the UFCjCr ratio gives a clear distinction between the normal and pathological group, UFCjCr ratios of over ]00 p.mol/mol being diagnostic for Cushing's syndrome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Screening for Cushing's Syndrome using Early Morning Urine Samples

Walker

1979

Ann Clin Biochem

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SUMMARY Urinary free Il-hydroxycorticosteroid/creatinine ratios (UFCfCr) were determined in early morning urine samples from 138 obese subjects attending endocrine clinics in the Glasgow area. The majority of patients (128) had UFC/Cr ratios within the normal range for non-obese subjects (5-55 p.moI/mol). Of those with elevated UFCfCr ratios, further investigations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis confirmed a diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome due to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia in six of the cases and adrenal tumours in a further two patients. In the remaining two patients there was evidence of intermittent adrenal hyperactivity with inconsistent responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia tests.

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“…Against this possibility is the observation that these hormones do not change dramatically during the menstrual cycle. Nevertheless, since cortisol may increase and androgens may decrease somewhat premenstrually (Vermeulen & Verdonck, 1976;Walker & McGilp, 1978), it is at least possible that an adrenal steroid could trigger central events, leading to the onset of PMT.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical hypotheses of premenstrual tension syndrome

Janowsky¹,

Rausch²

1985

Psychol. Med.

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EDITORIALBiochemical hypotheses of premenstrual tension syndrome 1 As information has evolved concerning the incidence of cyclical emotional changes preceding the onset of menses, the premenstrual tension syndrome (PMT) has gained increased attention in both the lay and professional literature. Although there has been some disagreement as to the exact nature, the time of occurrence, or even the existence of PMT (Koeske, 1981), there is considerable consensus that the PMT syndrome indeed exists (Janowsky et al. 1966(Janowsky et al. , 1967(Janowsky et al. , 1969(Janowsky et al. , 1973. Steiner et al. (1980) and Halbreich & Endicott (1982) have now operationalized psychodiagnostic criteria for PMT which can allow separate studies to attain diagnostic consensus more accurately.Several methodological problems in PMT research have limited exploration of how premenstrual physiology might influence mood. A major problem has been the strong reliance on the use of correlative techniques. Many hormones,, electrolytes, neurotransmitters and somatic parameters change within the menstrual cycle, and a tradition has existed for assuming the aetiological importance of a favourite correlate which changes premenstrually. Although such correlations are a reasonable place to start, it may be naive to believe that temporal correlations necessarily imply aetiology.Another problem in PMT research is the general assumption that circulating ovarian-linked hormones as such are of fundamental significance in triggering and sustaining premenstrual emotional symptoms. It is equally possible that central neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neuroendocrine mechanisms control the onset and intensity of PMT, and that peripheral ovarian and other hormonal changes are merely simultaneous epiphenomena, and/or are driven by the above central influences, but do not actually exert behavioural effects.The use of retrospective reports in PMT research has caused additional problems, with exaggerated incidences being reported, probably due to societal expectations (Koeske, 1981; Parlee, 1973;Sommer, 1978). In contrast, the incidence of PMT symptoms reported usually is relatively low in prospective PMT studies. Thus, many subjects who report PMT do not show symptoms in actual experiments. Also, since the intensity of PMT may vary from month to month (Green, 1982), such variation may introduce serious inconsistencies and variance problems into research studies. One recent step forward in this area has been the administration of repeated mood and behavioural ratings to prospective subjects over several cycles to screen for and document cyclic emotional changes before a given subject is used in a specific PMT study.Also, there is some evidence that the stress of the experimental method itself may influence and confound studies exploring menstrual cycle-behavioural relationships (Koeske, 1981;Parlee, 1982). Conversely, a major impediment to understanding and treating PMT has been its remarkable sensitivity to treatment by placebo. Many promising aetiol...

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Excretory Patterns of Urinary Free 11-Hydroxycortico-Steroids and Total Oestrogens Throughout the Normal Menstrual Cycle

Cited by 6 publications

References 8 publications

Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory.

Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory.

Screening for Cushing's Syndrome using Early Morning Urine Samples

Biochemical hypotheses of premenstrual tension syndrome

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