Executive function, memory, and learning in Tourette's syndrome.

Channon, Shelley; Pratt, Polly; Robertson, Mary M.

doi:10.1037/0894-4105.17.2.247

Cited by 141 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Probably too many confounding factors are involved in the very complex Stroop task that a clear disorder-specific picture cannot be detected, or perhaps expected. In terms of CTD, our findings are in line with the general consensus that patients with CTD and even ADHD þ CTD did not differ in all Stroop parameters under investigation from controls (Channon et al 1992;Brand et al 2002;Channon et al 2003;Lavoie et al 2007;Marsh et al 2007;Roessner et al 2007a). The good Stroop task performance of the ADHD þ CTD group might be attributable to enhanced prefrontal capabilities in CTD (Rothenberger 1990;Serrien et al 2005;Plessen et al 2007) compensating the prefrontal deficits usually related to ADHD symptoms (Pliszka et al 2000;Albrecht et al 2005).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Color perception deficits in co-existing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and chronic tic disorders

et al. 2007

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Summary. Preliminary findings suggest that color perception, particularly of blue-yellow stimuli, is impaired in attention-deficit=hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as well as in chronic tic disorders (CTD). However, these findings have been not replicated and it is unclear what these deficits mean for the comorbidity of ADHD þ CTD.Four groups (ADHD, CTD, ADHD þ CTD, controls) of children with similar age, IQ and gender distribution were investigated with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test (FMT) and the Stroop-Color-Word Task using a factorial design. Color perception deficits, as indexed by the FMT, were found for both main factors (ADHD and CTD), but there were no interaction effects. A preponderance of deficits on the blue-yellow compared to the red-green axis was detected for ADHD. In the Stroop task only the 'pure' ADHD group showed impairments in interference control and other parameters of Stroop performance. No significant correlations between any FMT parameter and color naming in the Stroop task were found. Basic color perception deficits in both ADHD and CTD could be found. Beyond that, it could be shown that these deficits are additive in the case of comorbidity (ADHD þ CTD). Performance deficits on the Stroop task were present only in the 'pure' ADHD group. Hence, the latter may be compensated in the comorbid group by good prefrontal capabilities of CTD. The influence of color perception deficits on Stroop task performance might be negligible.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Color perception deficits in co-existing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and chronic tic disorders

et al. 2007

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“…27,28 Individuals with Tourette's disorder typically have normal intellectual functioning, although executive dysfunction, discrepancies between performance and verbal IQ, and a decrease in visual-motor skills have been associated with Tourette's disorder. 29 While the definitive pathophysiologic mechanism of Tourette's disorder has not been completely elicited, neuroimaging and neurophysiologic studies suggest the involvement of cortical-striatalthalamocortical pathways, especially a prefrontal dopaminergic abnormality. 30,31 While a variety of neurotransmitter systems, including dopaminergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, serotonergic, cholinergic, noradrenergic, and opioid systems, are possibly involved in these corticostriatal-thalamocortical circuits, the dopaminergic system has especially gained attention due to therapeutic response of Tourette's disorder to antipsychotics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brief Report

Padala¹,

Qadri²,

Madaan³

2005

Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord.

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“…Learning implicit probabilistic rules in the weather prediction task, which depends at least in part on the caudate nucleus, is impaired (Keri, Szlobodnyik, Benedek, Janka, & Gadoros, 2002;Marsh et al, 2004). However, problems with procedural learning have not been found in rotary pursuit, mirror tracing, and serial reaction time tasks, all of which depend at least in part on procedural memory structures (Channon, Pratt, & Robertson, 2003;Marsh, Alexander, Packard, Zhu, & Peterson, 2005).…”

Section: Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In one, TS children were spared at picture naming (Scheurholz et al, 1996). In another, performance in a stem completion task was normal (Channon et al, 2003), suggesting that established lexical representations, and the priming of these representations, remains intact in TS. Finally, a third study found normal performance on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, which was used as an indirect measure of declarative memory function (Marsh et al, 2004).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Third, list-learning of both verbal and non-verbal material appears to be normal in TS (Brookshire et al, 1994;Channon et al, 2003). Finally, studies have reported spared performance at delayed recall, and though deficits in delayed recall have also been observed, at least in some cases these have been attributed to factors other than declarative memory itself (Channon et al, 2003;Sutherland, Kolb, Schoel, Whishaw, & Davies, 1982).We are aware of three studies that speak to the processing of established lexical or other declarative knowledge in Tourette's syndrome. In one, TS children were spared at picture naming (Scheurholz et al, 1996).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Speeded processing of grammar and tool knowledge in Tourette's syndrome

2007

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Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a developmental disorder characterized by motor and verbal tics. The tics, which are fast and involuntary, result from frontal/basal-ganglia abnormalities that lead to unsuppressed behaviors. Language has not been carefully examined in TS. We tested the processing of two basic aspects of language: idiosyncratic and rule-governed linguistic knowledge. Evidence suggests that idiosyncratic knowledge (e.g., in irregular past-tense formation; bring-brought) is stored in a mental lexicon that depends on the temporal-lobe-based declarative memory system that also underlies conceptual knowledge. In contrast, evidence suggests that rule-governed combination (e.g., in regular past-tenses; walk + -ed) takes place in a mental grammar that relies on the frontal/ basal-ganglia based procedural memory system, which also underlies motor skills such as how to use a hammer. We found that TS children were significantly faster than typically-developing control children at producing rule-governed past-tenses (slip-slipped, plim-plimmed, bring-bringed) but not irregular and other unpredictable past-tenses (bring-brought, splim-splam). They were also faster than controls at naming pictures of manipulated (hammer) but not non-manipulated (elephant) items. These data were not explained by a wide range of potentially confounding subject-and item-level factors. The results suggest that the processing of procedurally-based knowledge, both of grammar and of manipulated objects, is particularly speeded in TS. The frontal/basal-ganglia abnormalities may thus lead not only to tics, but to a wider range of rapid behaviors, including in the cognitive processing of rule-governed forms in language and other types of procedural knowledge. Keywords procedural memory; morphology; basal ganglia; picture naming; past tense; regular inflection Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a developmental disorder characterized by the presence of verbal and motor tics (APA, 1994). Tics, which may be expressed as "simple" or "complex" motor movements or vocalizations (e.g., "simple" grunting, or "complex" shouting of phrases), are both fast and involuntary (see references below and Tulen, Groeneveld, Romers, De Vries, & Van De Wetering, 2001). The tics appear to be caused by disturbances of the basal-ganglia and closely connected regions of cortex, especially motor and cognitive regions of the frontal lobes (Albin & Mink, 2006;Albin, Young, & Penney, 1989;Bradshaw, 2001;Singer & Wendlandt, *Corresponding author. Address: Brain and Language Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Box 571464, Washington, DC 20057-1464, Tel: (202) Fax: (202) 687-6914, E-mail: michael@georgetown.edu Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note t...

show abstract

Executive function, memory, and learning in Tourette's syndrome.

Cited by 141 publications

References 44 publications

Color perception deficits in co-existing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and chronic tic disorders

Color perception deficits in co-existing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and chronic tic disorders

Brief Report

Speeded processing of grammar and tool knowledge in Tourette's syndrome

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