Executive functions and self-regulation

Hofmann, Wilhelm; Schmeichel, Brandon J.; Baddeley, Alan

doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.006

Cited by 1,601 publications

(1,374 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…As such, the myriad of intensive and persistent cognitive and emotional challenges may have continuously taxed WM over time, leading to reduced availability of this resource. This interpretation is in line with a depletion framework of executive control which proposes specific executive functions may fatigue from overuse (see Persson and Reuter-Lorenz 2010;Hofmann et al 2012).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…One emerging area of research involves offering mindfulness training (MT) as a form of cognitive resilience training by which to bolster cognitive control processes such as WM and attention (see Jha et al , 2015Jha et al , 2016Leonard et al 2013;Morrison et al 2014), which can be compromised due to high demand and stress (e.g., Arnsten 2009;Hofmann et al 2008Hofmann et al , 2012Oei et al 2006;Qin et al 2009). Mindfulness is described as Ba mental mode characterized by attention to present moment experience without judgment, elaboration, or emotional reactivity^ (Jha et al 2010, p. 54; see also Kabat-Zinn 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Short-Form Mindfulness Training Protects Against Working Memory Degradation over High-Demand Intervals

et al. 2017

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Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise working memory (WM) and increase susceptibility to distraction. We investigated if mindfulness training (MT) may mitigate these deleterious effects and promote cognitive resilience in military cohorts enduring a high-demand interval of military training. To better understand which aspects of MT programs are most beneficial, three military cohorts were examined. Two groups received 8-h variants of an MT course, Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)®, with one group emphasizing in-class training exercises (M8T, n = 40) and the other emphasizing didactic content (M8D, n = 40). A third group received no training (NTC, n = 46). Performance on a delayed-recognition WM task that varied mnemonic load (1 vs. 2 items) and delayspanning valenced distraction (negative vs. neutral images) was measured before (T1) and after (T2) an 8-week interval. Overall, task accuracy (% correct) was greater on low-vs. high-load trials, as well as trials with neutral vs. negative distraction. Task accuracy did not change over time in a civilian cohort (N = 22). Yet, it declined from T1 to T2 in the military cohorts, with the greatest degradation in NTC, followed by M8D, and near stable performance from T1 to T2 in M8T. This time by group effect significantly varied with load, but not with distracter valence. While NTC's performance degraded over time for both low-and high-load trials, M8D's performance degraded only for high load, and M8T did not show performance degradation for either load condition. These results suggest that MT may protect against WM degradation over high-demand intervals, with training-focused MT programs offering the greatest benefits for maintaining performance in high-load conditions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

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confidence: 99%

Short-Form Mindfulness Training Protects Against Working Memory Degradation over High-Demand Intervals

et al. 2017

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“…WM, although classically understood as an executive system that holds and manages external (visual and auditory) information (Baddeley, 2012), also regulates shifting away from internally generated thoughts and feelings. This includes abilities to (i) shield the flow of thoughts from distractive, emotional stimuli and (ii) update goals, by shifting away from failed goals in order to pursue new ones (e.g., Hofmann, Schmeichel, & Baddeley, 2012). These WM operations are part of an everyday self-regulation process to update and shift away from negative representations that seem, based on the present findings, to influence the level of momentary (state dependent) self-focused ruminative thoughts later on.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nosce te ipsum – Socrates revisited? Controlling momentary ruminative self-referent thoughts by neuromodulation of emotional working memory

et al. 2013

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It becomes ever more evident that cognitive operations serve as fundamental mechanisms underlying higher order ruminative thoughts. In this sham controlled within subjects study, we performed anodal transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in 32 healthy participants. We tested the causal hypothesis that the relationship between DLPFC activity and ruminative thinking is mediated by working memory operations. We used the Internal Shift Task, a paradigm in which participants have to update and shift between specific (non)emotional representations in working memory. These findings suggest that enhancing cognitive self-regulation, by increasing the ability to update and shift away from negative representations in working memory, might help individuals to control unintentional streams of self-referent thoughts that are self-critical and self-evaluative, a thinking style known as rumination.205 words 3

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“…Besides those simple and common examples like taking only one more drink before driving, a temporary excursion from one's self-regulatory goals, i.e., risking the long-term goals for short-term advantages such as making a cheat in a diet, can be considered as a more complex form of 'gambling' [1]. Risk-taking behavior can be defined as a decision making propensity motivated by gain reward beside the possible opportunity to lose [2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related characteristics of risky decision-making and progressive expectation formation

Kardos

Kóbor

Takács

et al. 2016

Behavioural Brain Research

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During daily encounters, it is inevitable that people take risks. Investigating the sequential processing of risk hazards involve expectation formation about outcome contingencies. The present study aimed to explore risk behavior and its neural correlates in sequences of decision making, particularly in old age, which represents a critical period regarding risk-taking propensity. The Balloon Analogue Risk Task was used in an electrophysiological setting with young and elderly age groups. During the task each additional pump on a virtual balloon increased the likelihood of a balloon burst but also increased the chance to collect more reward. Event-related potentials associated with rewarding feedback were analyzed based on the forthcoming decisions (whether to continue or to stop) in order to differentiate between states of expectation towards gain or loss. In the young, the reward positivity ERP component increased as a function of reward contingencies with the largest amplitude for rewarding feedback followed by the decision to stop. In the elderly, however, reward positivity did not reflect the effect of reward structure. Behavioral indices of risk-taking propensity suggest that the performance of the young and the elderly were dissociable only with respect to response times: The elderly was characterized by hesitation and more deliberative decision making throughout the experiment. These findings signify that sequential tracking of outcome contingencies has a key role in cost-efficient action planning and progressive expectation formation.Keywords: Aging; Decision making; Feedback-related ERPs; Reward positivity; Risk-taking behavior Whether we are aware of the fact or not, risk-taking behavior occurs more frequently during our everyday actions than generally thought. Besides those simple and common examples like taking only one more drink before driving, a temporary excursion from one's self-regulatory goals, i.e., risking the long-term goals for short-term advantages such as making a cheat in a diet, can be considered as a more complex form of 'gambling' [1]. Risk-taking behavior can be defined as a decision making propensity motivated by gain reward beside the possible opportunity to lose [2][3][4]. Since natural circumstances usually include continuous fluctuations in risk, the ability of making decisions based on the acquisition of action-outcome contingencies is an essential part of adaptive risk behavior [5]. In particular, old age represents a critical period due to substantial neurocognitive changes having an effect on both frontal cortical and subcortical brain areas known to be involved in decision making [6,7]. The question remains, however, whether there is a specific inability of the acquisition of relevant information behind the possibly reduced decision quality of the elderly.From the perspective of self-report questionnaires, elderly are characterized by higher risk-avoidance tendency [8]. However, regarding risk behavior, results show evidence for both normal and altered patterns of ...

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Executive functions and self-regulation

Cited by 1,601 publications

References 88 publications

Short-Form Mindfulness Training Protects Against Working Memory Degradation over High-Demand Intervals

Short-Form Mindfulness Training Protects Against Working Memory Degradation over High-Demand Intervals

Nosce te ipsum – Socrates revisited? Controlling momentary ruminative self-referent thoughts by neuromodulation of emotional working memory

Age-related characteristics of risky decision-making and progressive expectation formation

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