Executive Summary: Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2014 Update

Go, Alan S.; Mozaffarian, Dariush; Roger, Véronique L.; Benjamin, Emelia J.; Berry, Jarett D.; Blaha, Michael J.; Dai, Shifan; Ford, Earl S.; Fox, Caroline S.; Franco, Sheila; Fullerton, Heather J.; Gillespie, Cathleen; Hailpern, Susan M.; Heit, John A.; Howard, Virginia J.; Huffman, Mark D.; Judd, Suzanne E.; Kissela, Brett M.; Kittner, Steven J.; Lackland, Daniel T.; Lichtman, Judith H.; Lisabeth, Lynda D.; Mackey, Rachel H.; Magid, David J.; Marcus, Gregory M.; Marelli, Ariane J.; Matchar, David B.; McGuire, Darren K.; Mohler, Emile R.; Moy, Claudia S.; Mussolino, Michael E.; Neumar, Robert W.; Nichol, Graham; Pandey, Dilip K.; Paynter, Nina P.; Reeves, Matthew J.; Sorlie, Paul D.; Stein, Joel; Towfighi, Amytis; Turan, Tanya N.; Virani, Salim S.; Wong, Nathan D.; Woo, Daniel; Turner, Melanie B.

doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000442015.53336.12

Cited by 1,349 publications

(830 citation statements)

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“…showing an HF prevalence rate of 70% after 20 years and greater than 90% after 30 years of living with morbid obesity 20. This correlation is alarming given the estimated 154.7 million American adults who are overweight or obese, with roughly one in every three US adults classified as obese 21. This epidemic is not limited to the USA alone.…”

Section: Definitions and Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity paradox in heart failure: a heavy matter

et al. 2016

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Obesity and heart failure are two of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. The relationship between obesity and cardiovascular diseases is complex and not fully understood. While the risk of developing heart failure has been shown to be higher in patients who are obese, there is a survival advantage for obese and overweight patients compared with normal weight or low weight patients. This phenomenon was first described by Horwich et al. and was subsequently confirmed in other large trials. The advantage exists irrespective of the type, aetiology, or stage of heart failure. Patients with morbid obesity (body mass index >40 kg/m2), however, do not have the same survival advantage of their obese counterparts. There are several alternative indices of obesity available that may be more accurate than body mass index. The role of weight loss in patients with heart failure is unclear; thus, providing sound clinical advice to patients remains difficult. Future prospective trials designed to evaluate the link between obesity and heart failure will help us understand more fully this complex relationship.

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Section: Definitions and Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity paradox in heart failure: a heavy matter

et al. 2016

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“…Indeed, on the one hand, HF is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality with a stable prevalence from 1998 onward varying between 6.3% and 13.3%,1 and 50% of HF patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) die within 5 years from diagnosis 2. On the other hand, exercise is seen as a diagnostic and prognostic tool as well as a therapeutic intervention in chronic HF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise and heart failure: an update

et al. 2017

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The present update is dedicated to the evolution of the interaction between heart failure (HF) and exercise and how the scientific community has handled it. Indeed, on the one hand, HF is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality with a stable prevalence from 1998 onward varying between 6.3% and 13.3%. On the other hand, exercise is seen as a diagnostic and prognostic tool as well as a therapeutic intervention in chronic HF. More precisely, the knowledge, the clinical application, and the research interest on the mutual interactions between exercise and HF have different phases in disease progression: Before HF onset (past): exercise provides protective benefit in preventing HF (primary prevention).With HF present: exercise improvement with training provides benefits in HF (secondary prevention).The prediction of future in HF patients: exercise impairment, as a leading characteristic of HF, is used as a prognostic factor.

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“…BP level is the strongest determinant of arterial stiffness during the aging process 8. Several studies have reported racial differences in BP,9, 10 and it is known that blacks are more affected by high BP levels than any other racial/ethnic group 11, 12, 13…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Differences in Arterial Stiffness are Mainly Determined by Blood Pressure Levels: Results From the ELSA‐Brasil Study

Baldo

Cunha

Ribeiro

et al. 2017

JAHA

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BackgroundBlack people have a higher risk of developing hypertension and presenting higher vascular stiffening. Our aim was to investigate whether the association between race and aortic stiffness could be explained by differences in the primary risk factors.Methods and ResultsWe analyzed data from 11 472 adults (mean age, 51.9±8.9; 53.8% female) self‐reported as white (n=6173), brown (n=3364), or black (n=1935). Their carotid‐to‐femoral pulse wave velocity (cf‐PWV) as well as clinical and anthropometric parameters were measured. cf‐PWV was higher in blacks than in whites or browns (men: white, 9.63±1.81; brown, 9.63±1.88; black, 9.98±1.99; women: white, 8.84±1.64; brown, 9.02±1.68; black, 9.34±1.91; P<0.05). However, this difference disappeared after adjustments for age, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, waist circumference, fasting glucose, and glomerular filtration rate (men: white, 9.68±1.54; brown, 9.68±1.50; black, 9.73±1.52; women: white, 8.93±1.32; brown, 8.98±1.29; black, 9.02±1.32; P>0.05). The association between race and arterial stiffness was significant for brown and black women in the highest cf‐PWV quartile, even after controlling for covariates. There were no differences in the age‐related increase in cf‐PWV among the racial groups after adjustment, confirming the strong effect of age and mean arterial pressure on cf‐PWV revealed by the multiple linear regression.ConclusionsRacial differences in cf‐PWV were mainly attributed to differences in mean arterial pressure and age, although they cannot fully explain the association between race and cf‐PWV in women in the highest cf‐PWV values. This suggests that therapeutic approaches to overcome the effects of aging on the vascular system should focus on blood pressure control, especially in the black population.

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Executive Summary: Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2014 Update

Cited by 1,349 publications

References 2 publications

Obesity paradox in heart failure: a heavy matter

Obesity paradox in heart failure: a heavy matter

Exercise and heart failure: an update

Racial Differences in Arterial Stiffness are Mainly Determined by Blood Pressure Levels: Results From the ELSA‐Brasil Study

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