“…A number of authors have tried to address the category proliferation/over-training problem in Fuzzy ARTMAP. Amongst them we refer to the work by Mariott and Harrisson (Marriott & Harrison, 1995), where the authors eliminate the match tracking mechanism of Fuzzy ARTMAP when dealing with noisy data, the work by Charlampidis, et al, (Charalampidis, Kasparis, & Georgiopoulos, 2001), where the Fuzzy ARTMAP equations are appropriately modified to compensate for noisy data, the work by Verzi, et al, (Verzi, Heileman, Georgiopoulos, & Healy, 2001), Anagnostopoulos, et al, (Anagnostopoulos, Bharadwaj, Georgiopoulos, Verzi, & Heileman, 2003), and Gomez-Sanchez, et al, (Gomez-Sanchez, Dimitriadis, Cano-Izquierdo, & Lopez-Coronado, 2002), where different ways are introduced of allowing the Fuzzy ARTMAP categories to encode patterns that are not necessarily mapped to the same label, provided that the percentage of patterns corresponding to the majority label exceeds a certain threshold, the work by Koufakou, et al, (Koufakou, Georgiopoulos, Anagnostopoulos, & Kasparis, 2001), where cross-validation is employed to avoid the overtraining/category proliferation problem in Fuzzy ARTMAP, and the work by Carpenter (Carpenter & B. L. Milenova, 1998), Williamson (Williamson, 1997), Parrado-Hernandez, et al, (Parrado-Hernandez, Gomez-Sanchez, & Dimitriadis, 2003), where the ART structure is changed from a winner-take-all to a distributed version and simultaneously slow learning is employed with the intent of creating fewer ART categories and reducing the detrimental effects of noisy patterns.…”