Exercise, Aging and Frailty: Guidelines for Increasing Function

Merchant, Reshma Aziz; Morley, John E.; Izquierdo, Mikel

doi:10.1007/s12603-021-1590-x

Cited by 66 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…Those studies suggested that regular exercise is a protective factor against frailty [17] and an effective intervention to prevent frailty [46]. Moreover, the combination of reduced physical activity and social isolation further increases the probability of transition to the frail stage [47]. In this study, likewise, the correlation between regular exercise and social isolation was high.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Factors Influencing the Stages of Frailty among Korean Older Adults Focusing on Objective and Subjective Social Isolation

Han

Jang

2021

Preprint

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Background: Although many studies have investigated the factors influencing frailty, studies on factors affecting transition between frailty stages are insufficient. This study was conducted to identify factors influencing the stages of frailty in Korean older adults, focusing on objective and subjective social isolation. Methods: This study analyzed the data of 10,041 older adults from the 2017 National Survey of Older Koreans. Two multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the factors influencing the frailty stages.Results: Among Korean older adults, 6% were in a frail stage, and 42.5% were in the pre-frail stage. The progression to the pre-frail stage was influenced by sociodemographic and health-related characteristics and by objective and subjective social isolation. Contrastingly, the transition from the pre-frail to frail stage was influenced by factors including objective social isolation, declining hearing, and lack of regular exercise.Conclusions: In the development of future interventions, researchers should consider differences in factors that influence the stages of frailty among Korean older adults. Interventions that help older people maintain existing social relationships or connect to new social networks can delay the transition from the pre-frail to frail stages.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Factors Influencing the Stages of Frailty among Korean Older Adults Focusing on Objective and Subjective Social Isolation

Han

Jang

2021

Preprint

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“…The Decade of Healthy Aging Report has highlighted on the need to design national programs on age-friendly cities and community to add life to years (32). Many countries are focusing on multi-strategic cost-effective population programs to maintain functional and cognitive ability (21,33,34). Older adults are heterogenous and may not be able to participate in high intensity resistance exercise.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Decline in physical performance during hospitalization and up to 3 months post discharge has been attributable to loss of muscle mass and muscle strength, and exercise programs in the hospital and post discharge is crucial to reduce the impact of acute illness on physical performance and enhance recovery (21,49,50). Most studies have focused on high intensity resistance training.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gait and cognition share a common neural pathway, and dual-task exercise of varying intensity has shown to improve cognition and gait speed (19,20). There is limited evidence on impact of dual task exercise on muscle strength and muscle function, and the type, intensity, and frequency of exercise in older adults with differing functional status is an emerging area of research (21). The aim of our study is to evaluate impact of community-based dual-task exercise on muscle strength and physical function in participants with possible sarcopenia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Possible Sarcopenia and Impact of Dual-Task Exercise on Gait Speed, Handgrip Strength, Falls, and Perceived Health

et al. 2021

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Background: Sarcopenia is defined as a progressive age-related loss in muscle mass and strength affecting physical performance. It is associated with many negative outcomes including falls, disability, cognitive decline, and mortality. Protein enriched diet and resistance training have shown to improve muscle strength and function but there is limited evidence on impact of dual-task exercise in possible sarcopenia.Objective: To evaluate impact of community-based dual-task exercise on muscle strength and physical function in possible sarcopenia defined by either slow gait (SG) or poor handgrip strength (HGS). The secondary aims include effect on cognition, frailty, falls, social isolation, and perceived health.Methods: Community-dwelling older adults ≥60 years old were recruited from screening program intended to identify seniors at risk, and invited to participate in dual-task exercise program called HAPPY (Healthy Aging Promotion Program for You). One hundred and eleven participants with possible sarcopenia completed 3 months follow-up. Questionnaire was administered on demographics, frailty, sarcopenia, falls, perceived health, social network, functional, and cognitive status. Physical performance included assessment of HGS, gait speed, and Short Physical Performance Battery test (SPPB).Results: The mean age of the Exercise group was 75.9 years old and 73.0% were women. The Exercise group had more female (73.0 vs. 47.5%), were older (75.9 vs. 72.5 years old), had higher prevalence of falls (32.4 vs. 15.0%), lower BMI (23.7 vs. 25.8), and education (4.0 vs. 7.2 years). The gait speed of the Exercise group increased significantly with significant reduction in the prevalence of SG and poor HGS. All components of SPPB as well as the total score increased significantly while the prevalence of pre-frailty and falls dropped by half. The risk of social isolation reduced by 25% with significant improvement in perceived health and cognition in the Exercise group. Significant impact on improvement gait speed and SPPB persisted after adjustment for baseline factors.Conclusion: Dual-task exercise program is effective in improving gait speed, SPPB score, and reducing the prevalence of poor HGS with significant improvement in perceived health, cognition, and reduction in falls and frailty. Future prospective randomized control trials are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of dual-task interventions in reversing sarcopenia.

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“…A very recent meta-analysis on primary care interventions to address physical frailty among community-dwelling adults aged 60 years or older concluded that interventions using predominantly resistancebased exercise alone or with nutrition supplementation seem effective in reducing physical frailty and improving physical performance measured by gait speed, leg strength, the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), and the Timed-Up and Go test, among other tests [164]. As an attempt to improve physical and functional capacity of older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia, the Vivifrail multicomponent tailored exercise program was developed (three times a week for 12 weeks, involving lower-limb muscles, upper body, and balance and gait retraining) [165]. Recent findings suggest that this type of intervention is highly effective in improving functional capacity as well as reducing falls risk in elderly ambulatory women with dynapenia thereby reducing the risk of frailty [166].…”

Section: Exercise and Muscle Strengtheningmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Lifestyle and Diet on Gut Microbiota Composition, Inflammation and Muscle Performance in Our Aging Society

et al. 2021

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Living longer is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases, including impairments of the musculoskeletal and immune system as well as metabolic disorders and certain cancers, each of which can negatively affect the relationship between host and microbiota up to the occurrence of dysbiosis. On the other hand, lifestyle factors, including regular physical exercise and a healthy diet, can affect skeletal muscle and immune aging positively at all ages. Accordingly, health benefits could partly depend on the effect of such interventions that influence the biodiversity and functionality of intestinal microbiota. In the present review, we first discuss the physiological effects of aging on the gut microbiota, immune system, and skeletal muscle. Secondly, we describe human epidemiological evidence about the associations between physical activity and fitness and the gut microbiota composition in older adults. The third part highlights the relevance and restorative mechanisms of immune protection through physical activity and specific exercise interventions during aging. Fourth, we present important research findings on the effects of exercise and protein as well as other nutrients on skeletal muscle performance in older adults. Finally, we provide nutritional recommendations to prevent malnutrition and support healthy active aging with a focus on gut microbiota. Key nutrition-related concerns include the need for adequate energy and protein intake for preventing low muscle mass and a higher demand for specific nutrients (e.g., dietary fiber, polyphenols and polyunsaturated fatty acids) that can modify the composition, diversity, and metabolic capacity of the gut microbiota, and may thus provide a practical means of enhancing gut and systemic immune function.

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Exercise, Aging and Frailty: Guidelines for Increasing Function

Cited by 66 publications

References 50 publications

Factors Influencing the Stages of Frailty among Korean Older Adults Focusing on Objective and Subjective Social Isolation

Factors Influencing the Stages of Frailty among Korean Older Adults Focusing on Objective and Subjective Social Isolation

Possible Sarcopenia and Impact of Dual-Task Exercise on Gait Speed, Handgrip Strength, Falls, and Perceived Health

The Effects of Lifestyle and Diet on Gut Microbiota Composition, Inflammation and Muscle Performance in Our Aging Society

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