Exercise and obesity: Etiology, physiology, and intervention.

Thompson, J. Kevin; Jarvie, Gregory J.; Lahey, Benjamin B.; Cureton, Kirk J.

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.91.1.55

Cited by 153 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…A more parsimonious explanation of these observations is that exercise produces a decrease in total body mass and processes associated with total body mass change in turn elevate HDL-C. Although there is no basis from these observations for choosing change in total body mass as the antecedent variable, a mechanism linking weight change to exercise is well established (i.e., body fat loss due to negative caloric balance, and lean body mass gain due to muscle build-up [6]). Several theories have been proposed relating decrease in body fat to increase in HDL.…”

Section: Hdl Change and Body Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, population studies indicate that lean individuals have higher HDL-C levels than those who are more obese [5]. Since weight loss is associated with endurance exercise training [6] it is relevant to inquire to what extent the higher HDL-C concentrations characteristic of physically active people are attributable to their relative leanness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does weight loss cause the exercise-induced increase in plasma high density lipoproteins?

et al. 1983

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Studies showing an increase in plasma concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) with moderate exercise have usually rejected the role of body weight change in the HDL-C raising process, ostensibly because the amount of weight lost has been negligible. To investigate HDL-C changes more thoroughly, we followed initially sedentary middle-aged men randomly assigned to either a moderate running (N= 36) or a sedentary control (N = 28) group for one year. Among runners, one-year changes in plasma HDL-C concentrations correlated strongly with their body weight changes (r = -0.53, P < 0.001). Curve-fitting procedures and regression analysis suggested that processes associated with weight change produce much of the plasma HDL-C changes induced by moderate exercise and that changes in HDL-C concentration predominantly reflect changes in the reputedly anti-atherogenic HDL2 sub-component. Further, the interaction between weight change and plasma HDL-C concentration was significantly different (P < 0.001) in exercisers and controls suggesting that the metabolic consequences of exercise-induced weight change are different from the consequences of weight change in the sedentary state.

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Section: Hdl Change and Body Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does weight loss cause the exercise-induced increase in plasma high density lipoproteins?

et al. 1983

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“…With respect to cardiovascular heart disease, inactivity has been shown to be the second most costly risk factor (14,15). Physical activity is associated most strongly with the prevention and control of coronary artery disease (16), hypertension (17,18) non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus, (19), osteoporosis (20,21), obesity (22), and mental health problems (23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of an Upper Extremity Exercise Device Integrated With Computer Gaming for Aerobic Training in Adolescents With Spinal Cord Dysfunction

Widman

McDonald

Abresch

2006

The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine

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Background/Objective: To determine whether a new upper extremity exercise device integrated with a video game (GameCycle) requires sufficient metabolic demand and effort to induce an aerobic training effect and to explore the feasibility of using this system as an exercise modality in an exercise intervention.Design: Pre-post intervention.Setting: University-based research facility.Subject Population: A referred sample of 8 adolescent subjects with spina bifida (4 girls, 15.5 6 0.6 years; 4 boys, 17.5 6 0.9 years) was recruited to participate in the project. All subjects had some level of mobility impairment that did not allow them to participate in mainstream sports available to their nondisabled peers. Five subjects used a wheelchair full time, one used a wheelchair occasionally, but walked with forearm crutches, and 2 were fully ambulatory, but had impaired gait.Main Outcome Measures: Peak oxygen uptake, maximum work output, aerobic endurance, peak heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and user satisfaction.Results: Six of the 8 subjects were able to reach a VO 2 of at least 50% of their VO 2 reserve while using the GameCycle. Seven of the 8 subjects reached a heart rate of at least 50% of their heart rate reserve. One subject did not reach either 50% of VO 2 reserve or 50% of heart rate reserve. Seven of the 8 subjects increased their maximum work capability after training with the GameCycle at least 3 times per week for 16 weeks. Conclusions:The data suggest that the GameCycle seems to be adequate as an exercise device to improve oxygen uptake and maximum work capability in adolescents with lower extremity disability caused by spinal cord dysfunction. The subjects in this study reported that the video game component was enjoyable and provided a motivation to exercise.

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“…Regular exercise is an important coinponent of a weight control program (27) and may be useful in the treatment of obesity (10,26). However, it has obvious litnitations as shown by several studies carried out on voluntary free-living subjects (11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Response to Exercise with Constant Energy Intake in Identical Twins

et al. 1994

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Seven pairs of young adult male identical twins completed a negative energy balance protocol during which they exercised on cycle ergometers twice a day, 9 out of 10 days, over a period of 93 days while being kept on a constant daily energy and nutrient intake. The total energy deficit caused by exercise above tlie estimated energy cost of body weight maintenance readied 244 f 9.8 MJ (Mean f SEM).Baseline energy intake was estimated over a period of 17 days preceding the negative energy balance protocol. M e a n body weight loss was 5.0 kg (SEM = 0.6) (p < 0.001) and it was entirely accounted for by tlie loss of fat mass (p < 0.001). Fat-free mass was unchanged. Body energy losses reached 191 MJ (SEM = 24) (p < 0.001) wliicli represented about 78% of the estimated energy deficit. Subcutaneous fat loss was sliglitly more pronounced on the trunk than on the limbs as estimated from skinfolds, circumferences, and computed tomograpliy (CT). The reduction in CT-assessed abdominal visceral fat was quite striking, from 81 cm2 (SEM = 5) to 52 cm2 (SEM = 6) (p < 0.001). A t tlie same submaximal power output level, subjects oxidized more lipids than carbohydrates after tlie program as indicated by tlie changes in the respiratory exchange ratio (p 10.05). Intrapair resemblance was observed for tlie changes in body weight (p < 0.05), fat mass (P < 0.01), percent fat (p < 0.01), body energy content (p < 0.01), sum of 10 skinfolds (p < 0.01), abdominal visceral fat (p < 0.01), fasting plasma triglycerides (p < 0.05) and cliolesterol (p < 0.05), maximal oxygen uptake (p < 0.05), and respiratory exchange ratio during submaximal work (p < 0.01). We conclude that even though there were large individual differ- ences in response to the negative energy balance and exercise protocol, subjects with tlie same genotype were more alike in responses than sulljects with different genotypes particularly for, body fat, body energy, and abdominal visceral fat changes. High lipid oxidizers and low lipid oxidizers during submaximal exercise were also seen despite the fact that all subjects liad experienced tlie same exercise and nutritional conditions for about three montlis.

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Exercise and obesity: Etiology, physiology, and intervention.

Cited by 153 publications

References 124 publications

Does weight loss cause the exercise-induced increase in plasma high density lipoproteins?

Does weight loss cause the exercise-induced increase in plasma high density lipoproteins?

Effectiveness of an Upper Extremity Exercise Device Integrated With Computer Gaming for Aerobic Training in Adolescents With Spinal Cord Dysfunction

The Response to Exercise with Constant Energy Intake in Identical Twins

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