Exercise and prostate cancer: From basic science to clinical applications

Abstract

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a disease of increasing medical significance worldwide. In developed countries, PCa is the most common non-skin cancer in men, and one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Exercise is one of the environmental factors that have been shown to influence cancer risk. Moreover, systemic reviews and meta-analysis have suggested that total physical activity is related to a decrease in the risk of developing PCa. In addition, epidemiological studies have shown that exercise, after diagnosis, has benefits regarding PCa development, and positive outcome in patients under treatment. The standard treatment for locally advanced or metastatic PCa is Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). ADT produces diverse side effects, including loss of libido, changes in body composition (increase abdominal fat), and reduced muscle mass, and muscle tone. Analysis of numerous research publications showed that aerobic and/or resistance training improve patient's physical condition, such us, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, physical function, body composition, and fatigue. Therefore, exercise might counteract several ADT treatment-induced side effects. In addition of the aforementioned benefits, epidemiological, and in vitro studies have shown that exercise might decrease PCa development. Thus, physical activity might attenuate the risk of PCa and supervised exercise intervention might improve deleterious effects of cancer treatment, such as ADT side effects. This review article provides evidence indicating that exercise could complement, and potentiate, the current standard treatments for advanced PCa, probably by creating an unfavorable microenvironment that can negatively affect tumor development, and progression.

Factors associated with exercise preferences, barriers and facilitators of prostate cancer survivors

“…However, despite the known benefits of exercise, objectively measured data report that only 13% of prostate cancer survivors meet the aerobic exercise guidelines (Thraen‐Borowski, Gennuso, & Cadmus‐Bertram, ) and self‐reported data show that only 12% meet both aerobic and resistance exercise guidelines (Galvão et al, ). Given the high and rising 5‐year survival rate of Canadian prostate cancer survivors (99%) (Canadian Cancer Society, ), combined with commonly experienced treatment‐related toxicities (Donovan et al, ; Higano, ) and the positive impact that regular exercise can yield (Bourke et al, ; Campos et al, ; Cormie et al, 2016), understanding exercise patterns and preferences of both inactive and active prostate cancer survivors is vital for exercise programme development.…”

Efficacy and Safety of an mHealth App and Wearable Device in Physical Performance for Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Development and Usability Study

“…Physical activity has been proven to have a positive influence, both biologically and functionally, in patients with cancer, such as breast or prostate cancer [1][2][3]. Recent studies indicate that even patients undergoing acute cancer treatments can benefit from individualized exercise programs [4].…”

Cabazitaxel exhibits more favorable molecular changes compared to other taxanes in androgen‐independent prostate cancer cells

“…It begins in the gland cells of the prostate, and spreads to other parts of the body (more commonly to bones, lymph nodes, lungs, liver, or brain. [1] Prostate cancer cells can be classified into two types based on their dependency for androgen as androgen-dependent or -independent. It appears that androgen-independent prostate cancer cells contribute to migration and metastasis that leads to failure of androgen ablation therapy.…”