Exercise for Bone in Childhood—Hitting the Sweet Spot

Beck, Belinda R.

doi:10.1123/pes.2017-0023

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Due to changes in PA habits and behaviors over time, the effects of impact loading on the bone SI were more evident in secondary school, high school, and university periods. However, bone appears to be most responsive to mechanical stress from midpuberty to menarche or during Tanner stages II–IV [24]. Age-related changes in hormonal status and body composition related to the maturity of the participants in different school periods therefore may have influenced the response of the bone SI to different impact-loading PAs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone Health and Its Relationship with Impact Loading and the Continuity of Physical Activity throughout School Periods

Hervás

Ruiz‐Litago

Irazusta

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Bone is influenced by physical activity (PA) throughout life, but childhood and adolescence provide a key opportunity to maximize peak bone mass. Thus, it is important to identify the relationship between PA practiced in childhood and young adulthood to design a promotion plan for bone health. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between different impact-loading PAs (and their continuity throughout school periods from childhood to young adulthood) and bone stiffness index (SI). In this cross-sectional study, which was conducted on 145 university students aged 18–21 years, bone measurements were measured by quantitative ultrasonometry (QUS), and PA information was recalled using a self-administered questionnaire. Associations between the SI and the impact of PA performed during secondary school (p = 0.027), high school (p = 0.002), and university (p = 0.016) periods were observed. The continuity of PA over a longer period of time was related to a higher SI (p = 0.007). Those who practiced PA throughout all school periods had a higher SI than those who practiced during primary school only (p = 0.038) or through primary and secondary schools (p = 0.009). These results suggest that impact-loading PA practiced during different school periods is related to higher values of the SI. Therefore, continuous PA from an early age may be an important contributing factor to achieving and maintaining adequate bone health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone Health and Its Relationship with Impact Loading and the Continuity of Physical Activity throughout School Periods

Hervás

Ruiz‐Litago

Irazusta

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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“…Activities that provide a mechanical load to the lower body skeleton can be captured with hip-worn accelerometers calibrated to vigorous-intensity PA (VPA). The research evidence indicates the influence of PA on bone is maturity-dependent; that is, bone mass is accrued at a higher rate during the years surrounding Peak Height Velocity (PHV), and that bone responds optimally to PA during these early adolescent years (approximately age 9-14 yr) (2,3,18).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An 8-Year Longitudinal Analysis of Physical Activity and Bone Strength From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood: The Iowa Bone Development Study

Metcalf

Letuchy

Levy

et al. 2020

Pediatric Exercise Science

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Purpose: Most pediatric physical activity and bone health research has focused on the period immediately around puberty; few have addressed bone structural strength outcomes. This study assessed the magnitude and consistency of the longitudinal relationships between device-measured vigorous-intensity physical activity (VPA) and structural bone strength outcomes across adolescence to emerging adulthood. Methods: Participants with 3 to 5 bone scans between the age of 11 and 19 years were studied (N = 439, 220 females, 1838 records). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans of the hip (hip structural analysis) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography scans of the tibia were obtained. Outcomes included femoral neck section modulus, femoral neck cross-sectional area, tibial Bone Strength Index, and tibial torsion strength (polar Strength Strain Index). Sex-specific bone mixed growth models were developed using biological age (chronological age − age at peak height velocity) as the time variable, and height, weight, and device-measured VPA as time-varying covariates. Models also included the VPA–biological age interaction. Results: Individual-centered VPA and the VPA–biological age interaction were significantly, positively associated (P < .05) with Bone Strength Index, polar Strength Strain Index, section modulus, and cross-sectional area in males and females, indicating accumulative effects of VPA throughout maturation and beyond. Conclusion: Bone remains responsive to the mechanical loading of physical activity throughout adolescence and into emerging adulthood. Attention should be placed on promoting bone-strengthening physical activity after the prepubertal years when adult exercise patterns are likely formed.

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“…As bone responds to changes in habitual mechanical loading, exercise is an important strategy to build and maintain bone mass at any stage of life 7 8. Animal research has shown that mechanical loads should be applied in short bouts,9 at high rates10 and frequencies11 and induce high-magnitude bone strains12 13 in order to stimulate bone formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of antiresorptive bone medication on the effect of high-intensity resistance and impact training on osteoporotic fracture risk in postmenopausal women with low bone mass: protocol for the MEDEX-OP randomised controlled trial

2019

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IntroductionAntiresorptive medications increase bone density and decrease vertebral fracture, while high-intensity resistance and impact training (HiRIT) increases balance, bone and muscle strength decreasing risk for falls and fractures. Medications are typically prescribed by doctors and exercise by exercise specialists, frequently in isolation.ObjectiveOur primary aim is to determine the effect of an 8-month HiRIT programme with or without osteoporosis medications on bone mineral density (BMD) of the spine and hip in postmenopausal women with low bone mass.Methods and analysisOne hundred and sixty postmenopausal women with low bone mass will be recruited from the community to participate in an 8-month randomised controlled trial. Participants will be on stable doses of antiresorptive bone medication for at least 12 months (n=80) or have not taken bone medications for at least 12 months (n=80). Participants will be block randomised, stratified by medication intake, to twice-weekly 40-min supervised sessions of HiRIT or a low-intensity exercise programme (control). Primary outcomes include change in lumbar spine and total hip areal bone mineral density. Secondary outcomes include whole body, femoral neck and forearm BMD, proximal femur bone geometry and volumetric density, vertebral morphology, body composition, anthropometry, physical function, posture, rate of falls, osteoarthritis symptoms, pelvic floor health, quality of life, physical activity enjoyment, resting blood pressure, safety and compliance. All outcomes will be assessed at baseline and 8 months and intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses will be conducted. Repeated measure analysis of covariance will be used to determine intervention effects on outcome measures, controlling for initial values, compliance and other variables found to differ between groups at baseline.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by Griffith University Human Research Ethics Committee (Ref: 2017/739). Results will be reported in peer-reviewed journals and at conferences.Trial registration numberAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12617001511325).

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Exercise for Bone in Childhood—Hitting the Sweet Spot

Abstract: Public health initiatives that target bone-specific exercise interventions during the pubertal years are likely to be the most effective strategy to harness the increased receptiveness of the growing skeleton to mechanical loading.

Cited by 10 publications

References 81 publications

Bone Health and Its Relationship with Impact Loading and the Continuity of Physical Activity throughout School Periods

Bone Health and Its Relationship with Impact Loading and the Continuity of Physical Activity throughout School Periods

An 8-Year Longitudinal Analysis of Physical Activity and Bone Strength From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood: The Iowa Bone Development Study

The influence of antiresorptive bone medication on the effect of high-intensity resistance and impact training on osteoporotic fracture risk in postmenopausal women with low bone mass: protocol for the MEDEX-OP randomised controlled trial

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