Exercise in the Disposition of Dietary Calories

Mann, George V.; Teel, Katherine; Hayes, Olive B.; McNally, Ann; Bruno, Dorothy

doi:10.1056/nejm195509012530901

Cited by 119 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Mann et d ( 5 ) studied 3 men who increased their calorie intake by roughly 3000 calories or 5070. The fat content of the diet was held constant so the proportion of calories provided by fat fell from 50 to 51% of the total to 24.7 to 25.270, a reduction which might be expected to reduce serum cholesterol levels by as much as 20 mg per 100 ml of serum if activity and calories were constant ( 13).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Activity, Serum Cholesterol and Other Lipids in Man.

Taylor¹,

Anderson²,

Keys³

1957

Experimental Biology and Medicine

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Anderson, Lawler and Keys( 1) have proposed the hypothesis that, other things being equal, the serum cholesterol concentration in man is determined by the fat transport load imposed on the blood per unit of circulation. The transport of fat from intestines to liver and from liver to fat depots is thought to be primarily involved. The transport of fat from the fat depots to the point of metabolism appears to be less directly concerned because the serum cholesterol concentration falls during negative calorie balance in spite of the fact that a great deal of fat is mobilized from the fat depots in this situation(2,3). The hypothesis explains: 1) The increase in serum cholesterol concentration observed on high fat diets and in overnutrition with a positive calorie balance; 2) The stability of serum cholesterol during calorie equilibrium and a constant fat intake and 3 ) The decrease in serum cholesterol on low fat diets and in negative calorie balance. The role of physical activity in this scheme needs clarification. The acute effects of physical activity have been studied in connection with dietary cholesterol loading(4) and it has been shown that when calories and activity are increased to the same extent so that calorie equilibrium is maintained, no increase in serum cholesterol concentration results ( 5 ) . However, in the latter work only 3 subjects were studied, the quantity of fat in the diet was held constant while the physical activity was increased so that the proportion of calories represented by fat metabolism decreased sharply, and calorie equilibrium was not exact. It is of interest to discover whether increasing the fat content of the diet in proportion to the calories consumed by physical activity will affect the serum cholesterol concentration. This paper presents data bearing on this point . Subjects, conditions and methods. The sub-*This work was supported in par;t by grant from Nutrition Foundation, N. Y.jects were 9 clinically healthy university students who volunteered to participate in the experiment. The mean age was 23.3 years with a range of 21 to 28 and the mean relative weight was 108.3 with a range of 93 to 128. None of the men was excessively fat or thin. Two of the 9 played in intramural basketball but the others did not take part in organized sports.All meals were prepared and measured in the laboratory and 2 meals a day were served in the laboratory dining room. Box lunches consisting of sandwiches, fruit and milk were carried by the subjects and eaten outside of the laboratory. All food items were served as weighed portions and the rejections were tabulated and used in calculating the composition of the diet. The diet was designed to approximate the current American practice of using liberal quantities of meat, milk, butter and eggs. It was fully adequate in vitamins and minerals. The calorie, fat and protein content are presented in Table I.During the period of increased physical activity, the men walked for 2 hours a day on the motor driven treadmill at 3.5 miles per hour on a 10% ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Activity, Serum Cholesterol and Other Lipids in Man.

Taylor¹,

Anderson²,

Keys³

1957

Experimental Biology and Medicine

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“…The year 1955 was chosen as the starting point for the potential inclusion of studies since this appeared to be the first time that an intervention on aerobic exercise and diet had been conducted. 10 Any studies not meeting all of the criteria above were excluded from the study. All studies were selected by the first two authors.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of aerobic exercise, diet or both on lipids and lipoproteins in adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

et al. 2012

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Objective Given that previous studies have reached conflicting conclusions regarding the effects of diet (D), aerobic exercise (E) or both (DE) on blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in adults, the meta-analytic approach was used to address this issue. Data Sources Nine electronic databases, cross-referencing, and expert review. Study Selection Randomized controlled trials ≥ 4 weeks that included a D, E, DE and control (C) group in adults ≥ 18 years of age and in which data for one or more of the following were available: total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG). Data Extraction Dual data extraction by the first two authors. Statistical Analysis Random-effects models as well as mixed-effects models for between-group differences. Results Seven-hundred and eighty-eight men and women from 6 studies were included. Non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals were observed for D and DE with respect to lowering TC, LDL-C and TG while reductions in E were limited to TG. No significant changes in HDL-C were observed. When compared to E, reductions in TC and LDL-C were greater for D and DE (p <0.05 for all). Conclusions Diet, especially DE, are superior to E for improving selected lipids and lipoproteins in adults.

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“…), (3) combined aerobic exercise and diet intervention ≥4 weeks, (4) adult humans ≥18 years of age, (5) all participants considered to have a BMI ≥25 kg/m 2 , (6) published studies, including dissertations and Master's theses, (7) studies published in any language, (8) studies published between January 1, 1955 and May 1, 2009, and (9) assessment of one or more of the following lipids and lipoproteins: TC, HDL-C, TC : HDL-C, non-HDL-C, LDL-C, and TG. The year 1955 was chosen as the starting point for potential inclusion of studies since this appeared to be the first time that an intervention on aerobic exercise and diet had been reported [21]. Aerobic exercise was defined according to the recent Physical Activity Guidelines Activity Report, that is, “Exercise that primarily uses the aerobic energy-producing systems, can improve the capacity and efficiency of these systems, and is effective for improving cardiorespiratory endurance” [22].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined Effects of Aerobic Exercise and Diet on Lipids and Lipoproteins in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Meta-Analysis

Kelley

Roberts

et al. 2012

Journal of Obesity

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This study used the aggregate data meta-analytic approach to determine the combined effects of aerobic exercise and diet on lipids and lipoproteins in overweight and obese adults. Twelve studies representing 859 men and women (443 intervention, 416 control) were included. Using random-effects models, statistically significant, intervention minus control reductions were found for TC (−12.8 mg/dL, 95% CI, −19.9 to −5.7), TC : HDL-C (−0.5 mg/dL, 95% CI, −0.8 to −0.1), LDL-C (−6.8 mg/dL, 95% CI, −11.8 to −1.8), and TG (−13.1 mg/dL, 95% CI, −21.2 to −5.0) but not HDL-C (−0.4 mg/dL, 95% CI, −2.3 to 1.6). Results remained robust when adjusted for publication bias, deleting each study from the model once, and collapsing results for multiple groups from the same study into one effect size. These findings suggest that concurrent aerobic exercise and diet improve TC, LDL-C, TC : HDL-C, and TG, but not HDL-C, in overweight and obese adults.

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Exercise in the Disposition of Dietary Calories

Cited by 119 publications

References 22 publications

Physical Activity, Serum Cholesterol and Other Lipids in Man.

Physical Activity, Serum Cholesterol and Other Lipids in Man.

Comparison of aerobic exercise, diet or both on lipids and lipoproteins in adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Combined Effects of Aerobic Exercise and Diet on Lipids and Lipoproteins in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Meta-Analysis

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