Exercise increases lactoferrin, but decreases lysozyme in salivary granulocytes

Gillum, Trevor; Kuennen, Matthew R.; McKenna, Zachary; Castillo, Micaela; Jordan-Patterson, Alex; Bohnert, Caitlin

doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3594-0

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Fielding et al [22] also stated that levels of lactoferrin also increased following a 2-hour submaximal cycle followed by a bout of eccentric resistance exercise. Similarly, a previous study by Gillum et al [12] found that exercise increased the concentration of salivary AMPs including lactoferrin concentration from pre to post-exercise with running at 75% VO2max for 45 minutes. However, a separate study found that salivary lactoferrin concentrations decreased during a training season in elite rowers [23].…”

Section: Salivary Lactoferrin Concentration and Secretion Ratesupporting

confidence: 53%

“…Sample size was calculated by using PS Software. Based on a study which was carried out by Gillium et al [12], the power of the study was set at 80% with 95% confident interval, the standard deviation (σ) observed was 750 (units/ml) of lactoferrin concentration, and difference in population mean (δ) was set at 1035 (units/ml) of lactoferrin concentration. The calculated sample size was 9 participants per group.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of an Acute Bout of Exercise on Salivary Lactoferrin Responses among Smokers and Non-Smokers

Ahmad

Exercise

Muhamad

2021

JST

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Smoking can weaken immune function as reported in previous studies. However, benefits of exercise in reducing negative effects of smoking on salivary lactoferrin responses is scarce to date. Hence, the purpose of this study is to determine the effects of an acute bout of exercise on salivary lactoferrin responses among smokers and non-smokers. Eighteen sedentary men were recruited; nine smokers (age = 22.4 ± 1.4 years; BMI = 22.1 ± 1.1 kg/m2) and nine non-smokers (age = 22.1 ± 0.7 years old; BMI = 22.5 ± 1.9 kg/m2). In this study, participants cycled at an intensity of 60% maximum heart rate for 60 minutes. Participants were given cool water as much as 3 ml/kg body weight at minutes 20 and 40 during the exercise session. Participants’ body weight and saliva samples were collected at pre and post-exercise. Heart rate and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded at pre, during and post-exercise. Mixed ANOVA was used to measure significant differences between groups and within group. The results showed that saliva flow rate, lactoferrin concentration and lactoferrin secretion rate were not significantly different (p>0.05) between smokers and non-smokers groups and also between pre and post-exercise within each group. Heart rate and RPE showed significant increased (p<0.05) during the exercise session in both groups. As a conclusion, acute bout of exercised does not affect salivary lactoferrin responses among sedentary smokers and non-smokers men.

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Section: Salivary Lactoferrin Concentration and Secretion Ratesupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of an Acute Bout of Exercise on Salivary Lactoferrin Responses among Smokers and Non-Smokers

Ahmad

Exercise

Muhamad

2021

JST

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“…Although SIgA is considered as the main agent in the mucosa, most recently, the importance of antibacterial peptides in the protection of airway mucosa has been recognized [41,42]. Higher levels of these immunological agents can be found in physically active people [43,44,45] leading to greater protection, which decreases the incidence of upper respiratory tract infection in this population [42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outdoor Endurance Training with Air Pollutant Exposure Versus Sedentary Lifestyle: A Comparison of Airway Immune Responses

Santos

Foster

Jonckheere

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Although regular exercise-training improves immune/inflammatory status, the influence of air pollutants exposure during outdoor endurance training compared to a sedentary lifestyle has not yet been clarified. This study aimed to compare the immune/inflammatory responses in the airways of street runners and sedentary people after acute and chronic particulate matter (PM) exposure. Forty volunteers (street runners (RUN, n = 20); sedentary people (SED, n = 20)) were evaluated 1 (acute) and 10 (chronic) weeks after PM exposure. Cytokines [interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-17A] in nasal lavage fluid, salivary antibacterial peptides (lactoferrin (LTF), cathelicidin (LL-37), defensin-α 1–3), and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), plasma club cell protein (CC16), and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) were analyzed. After acute exposure, the RUN group showed lower levels of IL-13, IL-10, and FeNO, but higher defensin-α than the SED group. After chronic exposure, the RUN group showed elevation of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-17A, and a decrease of FeNO levels, whereas the SED group showed elevation of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and a decrease of IL-13 levels. Comparing these groups, the RUN group showed higher levels of SIgA and LTF, and lower FeNO levels than the SED group. In relation to the Th immune response analysis after acute and chronic PM exposure, the RUN group showed a pattern associated with Th1, while in the SED group, a Th2 pattern was found. Both groups showed also a Th17 immune response pattern. Our results allow us to suggest that the immune/inflammatory status of the respiratory tract after acute and chronic PM exposure was improved by the long-standing regular practice of outdoor endurance exercise compared to a sedentary lifestyle.

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“…In past, one of them -salivary lysozyme was examined in connections to both, psychological and physical stress conditions and appeared to be inversely correlated to subjectively perceived level of psychological stress (Perera et al, 1997;Perera et al, 1998). On the other hand, acute moderate or high intensity exercise has been shown to increase salivary lysozyme levels (Allgrove et al, 2008;Gillum et al, 2017a;Gillum et al, 2017b) in contrast to prolonged intense training causing its decrease in saliva. For instance, in work published by West and coworkers (West et al, 2010) elite rowers had approximately half the concentration of salivary lysozyme and lactoferrin than non-exercising control subjects over a 5-month training season (West et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Might Salivary Lysozyme Be An Indicator Of Prolonged Intense Training Load In Athletes? A Preliminary Study In Adolescent Male Gymnasts

Váňa

Juříková

Bernaciková

et al. 2020

StS

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Lysozyme is one of the salivary antimicrobial proteins (AMP) which act as a defence at the mucosal surface. While in adult athletes, a decrease in salivary lysozyme (SLys) levels has been reported after prolonged intense training, to our knowledge, no studies have been conducted to study the relationship between SLys levels and long-term physical activity in children or teenagers.The aim of this preliminary study was mainly to evaluate in a group of adolescent male gymnasts undergoing prolonged intense training load whether - in accordance with studies in adult athletes - there will also be a decrease in SLys and if so, whether this phenomenon will be so common that we detect it in a small group of study participants.Twelve adolescent male gymnasts aged from 15.0 ± 1.6 years of national or international performance level were recruited to participate in this study. All participants of the study had their sample of saliva taken: I. Period) after the transitional period (rest), i.e. just before the beginning of the preparatory training period. II. Period) immediately after the end of the preparatory training period that was focused on maximal strength and power development. Preparatory training period lasting 6 weeks consisted of nine 2.5 hour training units (on average) over 6 days in every week. At the same time, three times per week two-a-day training sessions were incorporated. Intensity of the physical exercise was not determined.We found a significant decrease in SLys levels after the preparatory training period (termed as II. period) compared to its level just before the start of the training (i.e. after the rest, termed as I. period).The results of this preliminary study suggest that SLys measurements may be an indicator of prolonged training load in adolescent athletes. Although the intensity of the training load has not been determined, the national and international performance level of the gymnasts enrolled in the study allows at least a rough estimate of its level. However, with respect to some limitations of our study, larger studies on male and female adolescent athletes, applying relevant training load with monitoring of variables such as specific sports performance, physical fitness, nutrition, sleep quality, social and psychological factors, are desirable.

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Exercise increases lactoferrin, but decreases lysozyme in salivary granulocytes

Cited by 12 publications

References 19 publications

Effects of an Acute Bout of Exercise on Salivary Lactoferrin Responses among Smokers and Non-Smokers

Effects of an Acute Bout of Exercise on Salivary Lactoferrin Responses among Smokers and Non-Smokers

Outdoor Endurance Training with Air Pollutant Exposure Versus Sedentary Lifestyle: A Comparison of Airway Immune Responses

Might Salivary Lysozyme Be An Indicator Of Prolonged Intense Training Load In Athletes? A Preliminary Study In Adolescent Male Gymnasts

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