Exercise-Induced Hypoxaemia Developed at Sea-Level Influences Responses to Exercise at Moderate Altitude

Gaston, Anne Fleur; Durand, F.; Roca, Emma; Doucende, Grégory; Hapková, Ilona; Subirats, Enric

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161819

Cited by 20 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…Previous research using pulse oximetry indicated that %SaO 2 values fall in the range between 84% and 93% [6,8,13,30,31]. Similar changes were observed in our study with the % SaO 2 decreased in the range between 85% and 92% during incremental exercise test.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Previous studies have shown a greater drop in the SaO 2 at both maximal and sub-maximal exercise during treadmill running compared with ergometer cycling [16,33]. In the present study, we used incremental treadmill exercise while some studies used incremental exercise on cycle ergometers that have displayed higher [13][14][15][16][17]. Differences of exercise modality and protocol types used may help to explain the differences in SaO 2 measured.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Studies examining EIAH have primarily focused on aerobic trained individuals [4,8,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Interestingly, no studies have examined the EIAH in anaerobic trained athletes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia in aerobic and anaerobic trained athletes during incremental exercise

Eryılmaz

Polat

2018

PES

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Authors' Contribution: A -Study design; B -Data collection; C -Statistical analysis; D -Manuscript Preparation; E -Funds Collection. Abstract Purpose:The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the occurrence of exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) in aerobic and anaerobic trained athletes during an incremental treadmill exercise test. Material:International level male junior skiers including ten cross-country skiers and ten alpine skiers took part in the study. All participants performed an incremental treadmill exercise test to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO2) was continuously measured using a pulse oximetry. Maximal minute ventilation (VEmax), maximal heart rate (HRmax), ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VE/ VO2) and carbon dioxide (VE/VCO2) were determined during the last stage of the incremental exercise test. EIAH was assumed to have developed when SaO2 decreased by at least 4% (ΔSaO2 ≤ −4%) from the baseline values. Results:VO2max, VE, maximal running speed and test time were higher in the cross-country skiers than in the alpine skiers (p < 0.01), whereas HRmax, VE/VO2 and VE/VCO2 showed similar values in both group (p > 0.05). All the athletes in both groups exhibited EIAH. SaO2 was significantly decreased from 97.5 ± 0.9% at rest to 89 ± 2% at exhaustion in alpine skiers and from 97.8 ± 0.7% at rest to 88.1 ± 2.4% at exhaustion in cross-country skiers (p < 0.001). There were no differences in resting and lowest %SaO2 values between two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions:EIAH may occur in endurance athletes as well as anaerobic trained athletes. Well-trained athletes who have different aerobic fitness levels may exhibit similar EIAH during the incremental maximal exercise.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

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Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia in aerobic and anaerobic trained athletes during incremental exercise

Eryılmaz

Polat

2018

PES

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“…Given that the ALT test was truly performed at altitude (and not at SL under hyperbaric conditions), logistic constraints prevented us from using the same equipment for exercise sessions and measurements at both SL and at ALT. As has also been described in the literature, VO 2 , power output and SpO 2 during exercise were significantly lower at ALT than at SL (Gore et al 1996, Gaston et al 2016). While no difference was observed for the VE during exercise between SL and ALT, VE/VCO2 was higher and PetCO 2 was lower at ALT when compared to SLsuggesting excessive hyperventilation and poor ventilatory efficiency (Mollard et al 2007).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

The impact of moderate altitude on exercise metabolism in recreational sportsmen: a nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomic approach

Messier

Moyec

Santi

et al. 2017

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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Although it is known that altitude impairs performance in endurance sports, there is no consensus on the involvement of energy substrates in this process. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the metabolomic pathways used during endurance exercise differ according to whether the effort is performed at sea level or at moderate altitude (at the same exercise intensity, using proton nuclear magnetic resonance, H NMR). Twenty subjects performed two 60-min endurance exercise tests at sea level and at 2150 m at identical relative intensity on a cycle ergometer. Blood plasma was obtained from venous blood samples drawn before and after exercise.H NMR spectral analysis was then performed on the plasma samples. A multivariate statistical technique was applied to the NMR data. The respective relative intensities of the sea level and altitude endurance tests were essentially the same when expressed as a percentage of the maximal oxygen uptake measured during the corresponding incremental maximal exercise test. Lipid use was similar at sea level and at altitude. In the plasma, levels of glucose, glutamine, alanine, and branched-chain amino acids had decreased after exercise at altitude but not after exercise at sea level. The decrease in plasma glucose and free amino acid levels observed after exercise at altitude indicated that increased involvement of the protein pathway was necessary but not sufficient for the maintenance of glycaemia. Metabolomics is a powerful means of gaining insight into the metabolic changes induced by exercise at altitude.

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“…As altitude increases, EIAD is exacerbated in all individuals 22 . There is also significant interindividual variability in the severity of EIAD experienced during exercise, even within groups of similarly trained athletes 12 26 . Therefore, assuming EIAD and tHb are independent, EIAD may influence the relationship between tHb and VO 2 max.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Oxygen Saturation on the Relationship Between Hemoglobin Mass and VO2max

Goodrich

Ryan

Byrnes

2018

Sports Med Int Open

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Hemoglobin mass (tHb) is a key determinant of maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max). We examined whether oxyhemoglobin desaturation (ΔS a O 2 ) at VO 2 max modifies the relationship between tHb and VO 2 max at moderate altitude (1,625 m). Seventeen female and 16 male competitive, endurance-trained moderate-altitude residents performed two tHb assessments and two graded exercise tests on a cycle ergometer to determine VO 2 max and ΔS a O 2 . In males and females respectively, VO 2 max (ml·kg −1 ·min −1 ) ranged from 62.5–83.0 and 44.5–67.3; tHb (g·kg −1 ) ranged from 12.1–17.5 and 9.1–13.0; and S a O 2 at VO 2 max (%) ranged from 81.7–94.0 and 85.7–95.0. tHb was related to VO 2 max when expressed in absolute terms and after correcting for body mass (r=0.94 and 0.86, respectively); correcting by ΔS a O 2 did not improve these relationships (r=0.93 and 0.83). Additionally, there was a negative relationship between tHb and S a O 2 at VO 2 max (r=–0.57). In conclusion, across a range of endurance athletes at moderate altitude, the relationship between tHb and VO 2 max was found to be similar to that observed at sea level. However, correcting tHb by ΔS a O 2 did not explain additional variability in VO 2 max despite significant variability in ΔS a O 2 ; this raises the possibility that tHb and exercise-induced ΔS a O 2 are not independent in endurance athletes.

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Exercise-Induced Hypoxaemia Developed at Sea-Level Influences Responses to Exercise at Moderate Altitude

Cited by 20 publications

References 38 publications

Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia in aerobic and anaerobic trained athletes during incremental exercise

Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia in aerobic and anaerobic trained athletes during incremental exercise

The impact of moderate altitude on exercise metabolism in recreational sportsmen: a nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomic approach

The Influence of Oxygen Saturation on the Relationship Between Hemoglobin Mass and VO2max

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