Exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis mechanisms and prevention: A literature review

Abstract

Exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis (exRML), a pathophysiological condition of skeletal muscle cell damage that may cause acute renal failure and in some cases death. Increased Ca2+ level in cells along with functional degradation of cell signaling system and cell matrix have been suggested as the major pathological mechanisms associated with exRML. The onset of exRML may be exhibited in athletes as well as in general population. Previous studies have reported that possible causes of exRML were associated with excessive eccentric contractions in high temperature, abnormal electrolytes balance, and nutritional deficiencies possible genetic defects. However, the underlying mechanisms of exRML have not been clearly established among health professionals or sports medicine personnel. Therefore, we reviewed the possible mechanisms and correlated prevention of exRML, while providing useful and practical information for the athlete and general exercising population.

Association of Copeptin, a Surrogate Marker of Arginine Vasopressin, with Decreased Kidney Function in Sugarcane Workers in Guatemala

“…Normality was visually assessed and met by the Central Limit Theorem. We also examined relationships between other potential covariates that may be correlated with copeptin, including creatine kinase and tons of cane cut per day [11], electrolyte solution intake [12], and sugar-sweetened beverage intake [13].…”

“…The observation that mild hyponatremia developed may indicate that copeptin levels may be higher than expected for the given water intake. Vasopressin can be stimulated by a number of other factors among agricultural workers, including extracellular volume depletion [21] and non-osmolar stimuli (i.e., increased body core temperature, physical exercise, and consumption of fructose in rehydration beverages) [4,[11][12][13]. However, the relationship of urine sodium concentration with copeptin concentration was opposite of what was expected (as extracellular volume depletion is associated with a low urine sodium concentration and, in this study, copeptin concentration increased with increasing urine sodium concentration).…”

Rhabdomyolysis with Peripheral Neuropathy: A Case Series and Literature Review

“…This variability is not fully understood, but it can be related to physical fitness, morphological characteristics, and sex [3]. Risk factors for acute compartment syndrome include young age and male sex [4,5].…”

Creatine Phosphokinase Values during Low Starting Dose Isotretinoin Therapy

“…CPK is easily assessed in the serum and is a sensitive, but not specific, marker of muscle damage, which is considered population specific. The level of CPK needed to induce kidney damage is still a matter of debate, but some authors suggest that a dosage of >15,000 IU/L is predictive of renal impairment [16,17]. Previous studies showed that 25.1% of athletes (51 individuals among 203) reached >10,000 IU/L CPK levels after 50 maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors and none of them had myoglobinuria or required treatment for impaired renal function [18].…”