Exercise mitigates age-related metabolic diseases by improving mitochondrial dysfunction

Advancements in the study of synaptic plasticity and mitochondrial autophagy relationship

“…Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to alterations in ion gradients near synapses, elevated intracellular ion concentrations, activation of proapoptotic factors, and subsequent occurrence of LTD, affecting synaptic connectivity, information transfer efficiency, and synaptic plasticity among neurons (Collier et al, 2023;Jia et al, 2023).…”

The Role of Exerkines in Obesity-Induced Disruption of Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Thermogenic Fat

“…This delicate equilibrium plays a pivotal role in sustaining energy metabolism, particularly in brown and beige adipocytes, distinguished by a heightened abundance of mitochondria. Disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis results in adverse effects on lipid metabolism, adipocyte differentiation, oxidative capacity, inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and thermogenesis, culminating in metabolic diseases [8,15,17,18]. Enhancing mitochondrial homeostasis in thermogenic fat emerges as a potential avenue for developing treatments for metabolic diseases (Figure 1).…”

“…It is essential for the well-being of various organs, including fat, liver, heart, skeletal muscle, brain, and kidney [28][29][30][31][32]. Furthermore, CL acts as a pivotal regulator in the thermogenic programs, connecting with mitochondrial biogenesis and function in response to regular exercise [15]. Lifelong exercise has been identified as a beneficial factor, mitigating age-related changes in mitochondrial biogenesis, inflammation, and lipolysis in perirenal fat and liver tissues.…”

“…Voluntary physical exercise promotes thermogenesis, insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial activity, and biogenesis in BAT [70][71][72]. CL is a key effector of brown/beige adipocytes' thermogenic programs and is linked to mitochondrial biogenesis and function in response to regular exercise [15].…”

“…As a secure, effective, and cost-efficient approach, regular exercise is widely embraced by individuals dealing with obesity and overweight [13,14]. Exerkines, Metabolites 2024, 14, 287 2 of 17 induced by exercise, play pivotal roles in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, facilitating fat browning and thermogenesis as a defense against obesity-associated metabolic diseases [15,16]. In this review, our emphasis is on elucidating the advantages of regular exercise concerning fat thermogenesis and mitochondrial homeostasis in the context of metabolic diseases associated with obesity.…”