Exercise, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: A Review

Abstract

Elemental and gaseous oxygen presents a conundrum in that it is simultaneously essential for and potentially destructive to human life. Traditionally the ability to consume large volumes of oxygen has been assumed to be totally beneficial to the organism. In the past 10 years it has become clear that oxygen radicals are generated even during normal resting metabolism Nevertheless, such radicals are usually of no appreciable threat since a wide array of protective biochemical systems exist. However, under certain circumstances aerobic exercise may increase free radical production to a level that overwhelms those defenses. A broad array of nutrients such as vitamin C, vitamin E, p-carotene, and so forth are known to suppress such radical events. This paper reviews the status of our knowledge relative to the potential benefits of nutritional modification in augmenting the organism's normal defense against harmful radical chemistry.

Anti‐Oxidative Response of Carbonic Anhydrase III in Skeletal Muscle

“…Skeletal muscle, liver, heart, and brain, tissues with high oxygen consumption, have high antioxidant activities (19). In liver, the most oxidized protein is CAIII (6).…”

Indicators of Vitamin and Mineral Status in Athletes' Blood: A Review

“…There is some evidence that physically active people might lose, for instance, minerals and trace elements by heavy sweating (50) and in urine and feces (51). Exercise is likely associated with increased free radical uroduction (38). which could lead to an increased need for antioxidant vitamins > ,, and trace elements.…”

Aerobic Training Prevents Heat-Strokes in Calsequestrin 1 Knockout Mice by Reducing Oxidative Stress

“…The fact that aerobic training reduces oxidative stress is not surprising: the training protocol used in the present study (Figure 1) was indeed demonstrated to increase aerobic capacity and to counteract protein and lipid oxidative modifications in skeletal muscles of heart failure-bearing animals [34]. In addition, many investigators have reported that exercise training boosts antioxidant defenses [33,34,[72][73][74] while decreasing lipid peroxidation [29] and oxidative modifications to proteins and RNA [55]. groups of mice (Table 1) and allowed to determine differences caused by adaptation of muscle to lack of CASQ1 (control CASQ1-null versus WT) and to training (control versus trained CASQ1-null).…”