Exercise Promotes Tissue Regeneration: Mechanisms Involved and Therapeutic Scope

Abstract

Exercise has well-recognized beneficial effects on the whole body. Previous studies suggest that exercise could promote tissue regeneration and repair in various organs. In this review, we have summarized the major effects of exercise on tissue regeneration primarily mediated by stem cells and progenitor cells in skeletal muscle, nervous system, and vascular system. The protective function of exercise-induced stem cell activation under pathological conditions and aging in different organs have also been discussed in detail. Moreover, we have described the primary molecular mechanisms involved in exercise-induced tissue regeneration, including the roles of growth factors, signaling pathways, oxidative stress, metabolic factors, and non-coding RNAs. We have also summarized therapeutic approaches that target crucial signaling pathways and molecules responsible for exercise-induced tissue regeneration, such as IGF1, PI3K, and microRNAs. Collectively, the comprehensive understanding of exercise-induced tissue regeneration will facilitate the discovery of novel drug targets and therapeutic strategies.

DDAH1 Protects against Cardiotoxin-Induced Muscle Injury and Regeneration

“…Considering that DDAH1 is beneficial for muscle regeneration, the upregulation of DDAH1 might be a self-protective mechanism in response to CTX. Interestingly, exercise training is believed to promote muscle regeneration after injuries [ 48 ]. We previously observed that swimming for 8 weeks increases myocardial DDAH1 expression and promotes cardiac angiogenesis in mice [ 49 ].…”

Tissue regeneration and gut microbiota-skeletal muscle axis via microRNAs and nutrition: a systematic review

“…The practice of physical activity, endogenous metabolites, and dietary nutrients can directly influence epigenetic enzymes. Epigenetic modifications to DNA and histone proteins alter cell fate by controlling chromatin accessibility and downstream gene expression patterns [18].…”

“…These metabolites can serve as activators or inhibitors of epigenetic writers, such as Jumonji C domain-containing proteins (JmjC), DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), histone acetyltransferases (HATs), ten-eleven DNA translocase demethylases (TETs), and histone deacetylases (HDACs). In this sense, metabolites can influence nutrient-sensing signaling pathways [18,19].…”

“…In the scenario of muscle regeneration in athletes, the maintenance of skeletal muscle function is the prerequisite for tissue homeostasis and increased performance [1,2]. The body needs an effective way to regulate skeletal muscle growth, regeneration, and metabolism to make it in its best state [3][4][5].…”