Exercise reduces hyperlipidemia-induced cardiac damage in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice via its effects against inflammation and oxidative stress

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease is a high incidence and mortality rate disease worldwide. Exercise training has become an established evidence-based treatment strategy that is beneficial for many cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effects of exercise on hyperlipidemia-induced cardiac damage in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice. Male ApoE−/− mice were randomly divided into the following four groups: normal diet (ND), normal diet + exercise training (ND + E), high-fat diet (HFD), and high-fat diet + exercise training (HFD + E). Exercise training consisted of swimming for 40 min, 5 days/week for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, histopathological alterations in cardiac tissue and the serum were measured. Furthermore, the NOX4, NRF2, SIRT1, TGF-β, HO-1, collagen III, Smad3, Bax, Bak, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18 expression levels were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and western blotting; Results: the serum levels of SIRT1, GSH-Px, and SOD were lower in ApoE−/− HFD mice compared with those in ApoE−/− HFD + E mice. Significant pathological changes were observed in the ApoE−/− HFD + E group compared with those in the ApoE−/− HFD group. Increased levels of oxidative stress, fibrosis, and apoptosis, and decreased antioxidant expression in the ApoE−/− HFD group compared with those in ApoE−/− HFD + E mice. Exercise exerts protective effects against cardiac damage caused by hyperlipidemia.

The impact of acute and chronic aerobic and resistance exercise on stem cell mobilization: A review of effects in healthy and diseased individuals across different age groups

“…Connective tissues, including tendons and ligaments, play a crucial role in providing stability and transmitting forces within the body during physical activity. Overuse injuries, such as strains, often occur when these tissues are subjected to repetitive stress without adequate time for recovery and adaptation [ [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] ]. Enhancing the strength and resilience of connective tissues is an important aspect of injury prevention and optimizing athletic performance.…”

“…Working with a qualified coach or sports medicine professional can help tailor the periodization approach to an athlete's specific needs. Strategically timing rest or reduced training volumes following intense sessions to maximize endothelial repair and remodeling through exercise-induced stem cell mobilization offers a fascinating avenue for enhancing athletic performance [ [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] ]. By incorporating periods of reduced training or active recovery within a periodized training program, athletes can optimize physiological adaptations and promote vascular health.…”

“…A significant body of research has consistently demonstrated that engaging in regular aerobic exercise is strongly correlated with favorable alterations in circulating lipid profiles. These alterations encompass reductions in triglyceride levels, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol, alongside elevations in HDL cholesterol levels [ [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] ]. Moreover, aerobic exercise has been consistently associated with decreased circulating markers associated with oxidative stress and systemic inflammation, including 8-isoprostane, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein.…”

“…Nutrition plays a vital role, with protein, vitamin C, zinc, and copper being essential for collagen production. Hydration is crucial as well, as water facilitates nutrient transport and helps maintain skin plumpness and elasticity [ [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] ]. Excessive sun exposure can negatively impact collagen synthesis due to UV radiation, emphasizing the importance of sun protection.…”

“…Considering individual factors and genetics, consulting healthcare professionals or dermatologists is important for personalized guidance on optimizing collagen production. Determining the presence of a genetic predisposition affecting collagen synthesis requires genetic testing or consultation with genetic counselors or healthcare professionals [ [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] ]. The process involves several steps, beginning with engaging a genetic counselor who specializes in assessing and interpreting genetic information.…”