Exercise training as S-Klotho protein stimulator in sedentary healthy adults: Rationale, design, and methodology

Abstract

AimsThe secreted form of the α-Klotho gene (S-Klotho), which is considered a powerful biomarker of longevity, makes it an attractive target as an anti-ageing therapy against functional decline, sarcopenic obesity, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, and neurodegenerative disorders. The S-Klotho plasma levels could be related to physical exercise inasmuch physical exercise is involved in physiological pathways that regulate the S-Klotho plasma levels. FIT-AGEING will determine the effect of different training modalities on the S-Klotho plasma levels (primary outcome) in sedentary healthy adults. FIT-AGEING will also investigate the physiological consequences of activating the klotho gene (secondary outcomes).MethodsFIT-AGEING will recruit 80 sedentary, healthy adults (50% women) aged 45–65 years old. Eligible participants will be randomly assigned to a non-exercise group, i.e. the control group, (n = 20), a physical activity recommendation from World Health Organization group (n = 20), a high intensity interval training group (n = 20), and a whole-body electromyostimulation group (n = 20). The laboratory measurements will be taken at the baseline and 12 weeks later including the S-Klotho plasma levels, physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength), body composition, basal metabolic rate, heart rate variability, maximal fat oxidation, health blood biomarkers, free-living physical activity, sleep habits, reaction time, cognitive variables, and health-related questionnaires. We will also obtain dietary habits data and cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Exercise training improves sleep quality: A randomized controlled trial

“…Reporting of the study conforms to CONSORT‐revised statement along with references to CONSORT‐revised statement and the broader EQUATOR guidelines . A detailed description of each training modality can be found elsewhere …”

“…The sample size and power calculations are made based on the data of a randomized control trial (The FIT‐AGEING project; http://clinicaltrial.gov: ID: NCT03334357). The principal aim of the FIT‐AGEING study was to determine the effect of different training modalities on physiological parameters (ie body composition and sleep quality and quantity among others) in sedentary healthy adults.…”

“…However, there are not enough studies that investigated the effects of the high‐intensity interval training on sleep quality parameters. A new training tendency, sometimes coupled to high‐intensity training, is whole‐body electromyostimulation, a training methodology which stimulates between 14 and 18 regions or between 8 and 12 different muscle groups up to 2.800 cm 2 electrode area . However, little is known about its effects on physiological parameters …”

Effects of different exercise training programs on body composition: A randomized control trial

“…A total of 89 middle‐aged adults (52.7% women) aged between 45‐65 years were enrolled in the FIT‐AGEING study, an exercise‐based randomized controlled trial (clinicaltrial.gov: ID: NCT03334357) . The study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Human Research at the University of Granada and “Servicio Andaluz de Salud” (CEI‐Granada) [0838‐N‐2017], and all participants signed an informed consent.…”

“…All training sessions started with a dynamic standardized warm‐up, that included general mobility exercises, and ended with a cooling‐down protocol (active global stretching), which alternated 5 posterior chain exercises with 5 anterior chain exercises. A gradual progression was also proposed to control the exercise dose in each training group . No adverse events were registered in any group.…”