Exercise Training Lowers the Enhanced Tonically Active Glutamatergic Input to the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla in Hypertensive Rats

Abstract

Our findings suggest that ExT attenuates the enhancement in the tonically acting glutamatergic input to the RVLM of hypertensive rats, thereby reducing the sympathetic hyperactivity and blood pressure.

The phosphoinositide‐3 kinase signaling is involved in neuroinflammation in hypertensive rats

“…In conscious rats, the noninvasive tail-cuff system was performed to monitor the systolic BP, diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR), as described previously. 28 Briefly, conscious rats were restricted by a recording chamber for 15 minutes before measurement of BP to make the rat acclimate the holding device, and to keep rat quiet and comfortable during the whole process. In addition, retaining the ambient temperature of 30°C in chamber with controlled warming plate under the rats is beneficial to vasodilate the tail artery.…”

Centrally acting drug moxonidine decreases reactive oxygen species via inactivation of the phosphoinositide-3 kinase signaling in the rostral ventrolateral medulla in hypertensive rats

“…As described previously [23], high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; Model 582 pump; ESA, Frederick, Maryland, USA) with electrochemical detection (Model 5300; ESA) was used to detect 24-h urinary excretion of norepinephrine. Briefly, urinary samples (24-h) were collected by placing rats in metabolic cages for 24-h and acidified with glacial acetic acid.…”

“…After viral administration, the wound was closed and rats were recovered and housed individually under SPF conditions. The level of BP in the conscious rat was measured every week by a noninvasive computerized tail-cuff system (ALC-NIBP; Shanghai Alcott Biotech Inc.), as described in our previous study [23]. …”

Salusin β Within the Nucleus Tractus Solitarii Suppresses Blood Pressure Via Inhibiting the Activities of Presympathetic Neurons in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

“…The procedures of western blot were described previously [23,24]. The protein concentration was measured and loaded onto a SDS-PAGE gel and then transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane.…”