2009
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21556
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Exhalation of respiratory viruses by breathing, coughing, and talking

Abstract: There is a lack of quantitative information about the generation of virus aerosols by infected subjects. The exhaled aerosols generated by coughing, talking, and breathing were sampled in 50 subjects using a novel mask, and analyzed using PCR for nine respiratory viruses. The exhaled samples from a subset of 10 subjects who were PCR positive for rhinovirus were also examined by cell culture for this virus. Of the 50 subjects, among the 33 with symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections, 21 had at least one… Show more

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Cited by 156 publications
(158 citation statements)
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“…Although RT‐PCR provides no indication of virus infectivity, it has been found to give a higher rate of virus detection than culture methods 17, 18, 34, 35. RT‐PCR can be used combined with culture methods to help differentiate the relative contribution to recovery efficiency by the inefficient physical removal of virus from the non‐wovens and by the natural decay of virus infectivity (e.g., desiccation).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Although RT‐PCR provides no indication of virus infectivity, it has been found to give a higher rate of virus detection than culture methods 17, 18, 34, 35. RT‐PCR can be used combined with culture methods to help differentiate the relative contribution to recovery efficiency by the inefficient physical removal of virus from the non‐wovens and by the natural decay of virus infectivity (e.g., desiccation).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As reviewed by Gralton et al .,16 breathing, coughing, sneezing, and talking can easily generate particles of a wide size range, and influenza virus has been detected in the particles generated by human respiratory activities 8, 17, 18. Therefore, we investigated the difference in viable influenza virus recovery from PPE after liquid suspension spike tests versus aerosol challenge tests.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Several studies have examined aerosol particle generation by people during coughing, speaking, sneezing, and breathing (reviewed by Gralton (8) and Nicas (9) ). Most of these studies used healthy subjects, but a few have looked at aerosol production by individuals with respiratory viral infections, including influenza (10)(11)(12) and rhinovirus. (10,13) All of these studies have consistently found a tremendous variation in the numbers of aerosol particles expelled by individuals.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Influenza virus RNA has been detected in respirable airborne particles collected in healthcare facilities and other locations 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Influenza virus RNA also has been found in aerosol particles collected directly from infected patients while they were coughing and breathing 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. Six studies have demonstrated that influenza patients expel airborne particles containing viable virus 13, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%