Abstract:Current public policy does not reflect health risk awareness associated with hookah smoking. Although, cigarette smoking has gained considerable attention accompanied by public restrictions, hookah smoking continues to increase as an unrestricted, socially acceptable means of recreation. This study identified novel biomarkers altered by hookah smoking compared to cigarette smoking using exhaled breath condensate collected from nonsmokers, hookah smokers and cigarette smokers pre and post smoking. B… Show more
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