Exhaled breath condensate in children: Pearls and pitfalls

Rosias, Philippe; Dompeling, Edward; Hendriks, Hanneke; Heijnens, Jan W C M; Donckerwolcke, R. A.; Jöbsis, Quirijn

doi:10.1046/j.0905-6157.2003.00091.x

Cited by 128 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…These methods are not applicable for studies of large populations, or for repeated sampling and screening methods. Therefore, the noninvasive sampling of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has become a rapidly growing field in respiratory analysis; however, EBC has a number of serious methodologic difficulties, e.g., correction for dilution and lack of standardization, such that data produced by different groups can vary considerably (7)(8)(9).…”

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confidence: 99%

Exhaled Endogenous Particles Contain Lung Proteins

et al. 2012

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BACKGROUND We recently developed a novel, noninvasive method for sampling nonvolatile material from the distal airways. The method is based on the collection of endogenous particles in exhaled air (PEx). The aim of this study was to characterize the protein composition of PEx and to verify that the origin of PEx is respiratory tract lining fluid (RTLF). METHOD Healthy individuals exhaled into the sampling device, which collected PEx onto a silicon plate inside a 3-stage impactor. After their extraction from the plates, PEx proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and then analyzed by LC-MS. Proteins were identified by searching the International Protein Index human database with the Mascot search engine. RESULTS Analysis of the pooled samples identified 124 proteins. A comparison of the identified PEx proteins with published bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) proteomic data showed a high degree of overlap, with 103 (83%) of the PEx proteins having previously been detected in BAL. The relative abundances of the proteins were estimated according to the Mascot exponentially modified protein abundance index protocol and were in agreement with the expected protein composition of RTLF. No amylase was detected, indicating the absence of saliva protein contamination with our sampling technique. CONCLUSIONS Our data strongly support that PEx originate from RTLF and reflect the composition of undiluted RTLF.

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Exhaled Endogenous Particles Contain Lung Proteins

et al. 2012

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“…However, a range of important methodological issues need to be addressed for any EBC compound. These include repeatability, dilution, environmental contamination, effects of breathing patterns coating of the collector system and assay sensitivity (9,10) .…”

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Leptin levels in exhaled breath condensate from asthmatic children: a pilot study

Inci¹,

Basek²,

Wildhaber³

et al. 2012

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

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A cross-sectional analysis of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) found that overweight children aged between 6 and 16 years had three times more asthma risk than their healthy weight peers (1) . Another cross-sectional study supported the relationship between asthma and being overweight in childhood and showed that the prevalence of asthma was greater in overweight children (2) .Leptin, a 167-amino-acid peptide, is a recently discovered hormone which is believed to play a major role in the regulation of body weight. Recently, it has been reported that serum leptin levels are increased in asthmatic children (3) . Leptin has also been reported to have a specifi c effect on T-lymphocyte responses. It has been hypothesized that leptin is involved in the regulation of asthmatic airway infl ammation levels by regulating T-cell responses by polarizing Th cells toward a Th1 phenotype and by inhibiting immune responses, such as Th2 activation and may have a role in asthma (4) . Mai et al. (5) found twice as high serum levels of leptin in overweight asthmatic children compared to overweight children without current asthma. Serum leptin levels are associated with asthma in adult women, independent of BMI (6) . In children with asthma close associations have been shown between serum adiponectin and leptin and pulmonary function, but it has been suggested that they may play a regulatory role rather than being an etiologic mechanism of asthma development (7) .As very little is known about the role of leptin within the airways and lung tissue and asthma, non-invasive tools to investigate, such associations would allow epidemiological and longitudinal studies to be performed on a larger scale. Such studies are needed to confi rm the relationships of leptin and asthma and improve our understanding of associations between asthma and being overweight.Exhaled breath condensates (EBC) contain aerosolized airway lining fl uid and volatile compounds from the airways and the lung periphery. The assessment of EBC compounds is recognized to be a potentially useful research tool in children for the non-invasive quantifi cation of airway infl ammation and metabolic processes in asthma and other airway diseases.The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate whether leptin can be found in EBC and to investigate differences between condensate leptin levels in overweight and healthy weight children.A total of 20 children (fi ve overweight asthmatics, fi ve healthy weight asthmatics, fi ve overweight healthy and fi ve healthy weight healthy controls), aged 6 -15 years, were included in this study. We obtained data on weight and length (body mass index), lung function, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FE NO ) and allergic sensitization by the means of skin prick testing using a panel of common allergens including house dust mite, mold mix, tree mix, grass mix, weed mix, cat and dog hair. Informed consent was taken from the parents.Exhaled breath condensates were collected using the commercial EcoScreen breath c...

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“…EBC is formed by cooling of exhaled breath of patients in a condenser system (54,55). Whereas volatile mediators of airway inflammation/ oxidative stress are mainly recovered in the gas phase of exhaled breath, nonvolatile biomarkers from the epithelial lining fluid of the airway epithelium are released in aerosol particles, which can be measured in EBC (54,55).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Several markers in EBC can be assessed simultaneously. Potentially, noninvasive biomarkers in EBC may be of help in the discrimination between different inflammatory phenotypes, the assessment of the severity of airway inflammation, to monitor treatment and disease control, and to predict disease exacerbations at an early stage (41,54,56). Besides these potential ''pearls'' of EBC measurements, there are a number of pitfalls: (I) the concentration of markers is low, thus ultrasensitive techniques are required for analysis; (II) many factors may have an influence on biomarkers in EBC (Table 1); and (III) there is variation in results between different centers.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

2003

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

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Exhaled breath condensate in children: Pearls and pitfalls

Cited by 128 publications

References 85 publications

Exhaled Endogenous Particles Contain Lung Proteins

Exhaled Endogenous Particles Contain Lung Proteins

Leptin levels in exhaled breath condensate from asthmatic children: a pilot study

Airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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