Exhaust Emissions from Gasoline- and LPG-Powered Vehicles Operating at the Altitude of Mexico City

Gamas, E.D.; Díaz, Luis A.; Rodríguez, R.; López-Salinas, E.; Schifter, I.; Ontiveros, Luis

doi:10.1080/10473289.1999.10463920

Cited by 30 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…The area's fuel sales were 6.82 and 1.50 billion liters per year of gasoline and diesel, respectively, in the year 2003 (Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo (IMP), 2001). We use an average fuel density of 760 g L −1 fuel and carbon content of 0.85, based on a sales-weighted average of 10 gasoline and diesel fuel properties (Gamas et al, 1999;Kirchstetter et al, 1999a;Schifter et al, 2000). The method is potentially biased by the fact that the number of data points representing different types of vehicles that were sampled may be disproportional to the actual distribution of vehicle types in the city.…”

Section: Emission Inventorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mobile laboratory measurements of black carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other vehicle emissions in Mexico City

Jiang¹,

Marr

Dunlea

et al. 2005

Preprint

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Abstract. Black carbon (BC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of concern due to their effects on climate and health. The main goal of this research is to provide the first estimate of emissions of BC and particle-phase PAHs (PPAHs) from motor vehicles in Mexico City. The emissions of other pollutants including carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter of diameter 2.5 µm and less (PM2.5) are also estimated. As a part of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area field campaign in April 2003 (MCMA-2003), a mobile laboratory was driven throughout the city. The laboratory was equipped with a comprehensive suite of gas and particle analyzers, including an aethalometer that measured BC and a photoionization aerosol sensor that measured PPAHs. While driving through traffic, the mobile lab is continuously sampling exhaust plumes from the vehicles around it. We have developed a method of automatically identifying exhaust plumes, which are then used as the basis for calculation of fleet-average emission factors. In the approximately 75 h of on-road sampling during the field campaign, we have identified ~30 000 exhaust measurement points that represent a variety of vehicle types and driving conditions. The large sample provides a basis for estimating fleet-average emission factors and thus the emission inventory. Motor vehicles in the Mexico City area are estimated to emit 1700±200 metric tons BC, 57±6 tons PPAHs, 1 190 000±40 000 tons CO, 120 000±3000 tons NOx, 202 000±4000 tons VOCs, and 4400±400 tons PM2.5 per year, not including cold start emissions. The estimates for CO, NOx, and PPAHs may be low by up to 10% due to the slower response time of analyzers used to measure these species. Compared to the government's official motor vehicle emission inventory for the year 2002, the estimates for CO, NOx, VOCs, and PM2.5 are 38% lower, 23% lower, 7% higher, and 26% higher, respectively. The distributions of emission factors of BC, PPAHs, and PM2.5 are highly skewed, i.e. asymmetric, while those for benzene, measured as a surrogate for total VOCs, and NOx are less skewed. As a result, the total emissions of BC, PPAHs, and PM2.5 could be reduced by approximately 50% if the highest 20% of data points were removed, but ''super polluters'' are less influential on overall NOx and VOC emissions.

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Section: Emission Inventorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mobile laboratory measurements of black carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other vehicle emissions in Mexico City

Jiang¹,

Marr

Dunlea

et al. 2005

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The area's fuel sales were 6.82 and 1.50 billion liters per year of gasoline and diesel, respectively, in the year 2003 (Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo (IMP), 2001). We use an average fuel density of 760 g L −1 fuel and carbon content of 0.85, based on a sales-weighted average of gasoline and diesel fuel properties (Gamas et al, 1999;Kirchstetter et al, 1999a;Schifter et al, 2000). The method is potentially biased by the fact that the number of data points representing different types of vehicles that were sampled may be disproportional to the actual distribution of vehicle types in the city.…”

Section: Emission Inventorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Vehicle fleet emissions of black carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and other pollutants measured by a mobile laboratory in Mexico City

et al. 2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of concern due to their effects on climate and health. The main goal of this research is to provide the first estimate of emissions of BC and particle-phase PAHs (PPAHs) from motor vehicles in Mexico City. The emissions of other pollutants including carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter of diameter 2.5 µm and less (PM 2.5 ) are also estimated. As a part of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area field campaign in April 2003 (MCMA-2003, a mobile laboratory was driven throughout the city. The laboratory was equipped with a comprehensive suite of gas and particle analyzers, including an aethalometer that measured BC and a photoionization aerosol sensor that measured PPAHs. While driving through traffic, the mobile lab continuously sampled exhaust plumes from the vehicles around it. We have developed a method of automatically identifying exhaust plumes, which are then used as the basis for calculation of fleet-average emissions. In the approximately 75 h of on-road sampling during the field campaign, we have identified ∼30 000 exhaust measurement points that represent a variety of vehicle types and driving conditions. The large sample provides a basis for estimating fleet-average emission factors and thus the emission inventory. Motor vehicles in the Mexico City area are estimated to emit 1700±200 metric tons BC, 57±6 tons PPAHs, 1 190 000±40 000 tons CO, 120 000±3000 tons NO x , 240 000±50 000 tons VOCs, andCorrespondence to: L. C. Marr (lmarr@vt.edu) 4400±400 tons PM 2.5 per year, not including cold start emissions. The estimates for CO, NO x , and PPAHs may be low by up to 10% due to the slower response time of analyzers used to measure these species. Compared to the government's official motor vehicle emission inventory for the year 2002, the estimates for CO, NO x , VOCs, and PM 2.5 are 38% lower, 23% lower, 27% higher, and 25% higher, respectively. The distributions of emission factors of BC, PPAHs, and PM 2.5 are highly skewed, i.e. asymmetric, while those for benzene, measured as a surrogate for total VOCs, and NO x are less skewed. As a result, the total emissions of BC, PPAHs, and PM 2.5 could be reduced by approximately 50% if the highest 20% of data points were removed, but "super polluters" are less influential on overall NO x and VOC emissions.

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“…A double-peak feature is clearly shown, which is characteristic of a typical traffic pattern (Liu et al 2000). Ethene, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) are the typical compounds found in car exhaust (Chang et al 2001;Gamas et al 1999). During rush hour, 7 a.m. -9 a.m. and 6 p.m. -8 p.m., increased Fig.…”

Section: Dmc4 As Traffic Indicatormentioning

confidence: 92%

Assessment of Traffic Contribution to Hydrocarbons Using 2,2-Dimethylbutane as a Vehicular Indicator

Chang¹,

Chen²,

Chou³

et al. 2004

Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci.

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This study investigated the feasibility of using 2,2-dimethylbutane (22DMC4) as an unambiguous indicator for traffic emissions, and applied it to assess traffic contribution to individual hydrocarbons in an atmospheric environment. The concept involves using concentration ratios of individual non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) to 22DMC4, which are characteristic of traffic emissions to reveal excess concentration contributed by nontraffic sources.Air samples from three collections were analyzed for 22DMC4 and other NMHCs simultaneously to examine ratios of NMHCs/22DMC4. Two sample collections were made at different traffic transportation links in Kaohsiung City, and high concentration correlation was observed between 22DMC4 and most NMHCs for samples collected during heavy traffic hours. The third collection was made in the great Kaohsiung metropolitan area for comparison of NMHCs/22DMC4 ratios in different environments. Ratios of toluene/22DMC4 and ethene/22DMC4 obtained from the third collection were significantly greater than those from the two roadside collections in Kaohsiung City, suggesting other sources existed in addition to traffic.Comparing the NMHCs/22DMC4 ratios observed in a given area with the values obtained from pure traffic emissions as a reference can provide a quick diagnosis for non-traffic contributions. Another merit of using NMHCs/22DMC4 ratios of atmospheric components is to provide a basis of normalization, so that direct comparison of emission profiles collected in different times and places is possible.

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Exhaust Emissions from Gasoline- and LPG-Powered Vehicles Operating at the Altitude of Mexico City

Cited by 30 publications

References 0 publications

Mobile laboratory measurements of black carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other vehicle emissions in Mexico City

Mobile laboratory measurements of black carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other vehicle emissions in Mexico City

Vehicle fleet emissions of black carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and other pollutants measured by a mobile laboratory in Mexico City

Assessment of Traffic Contribution to Hydrocarbons Using 2,2-Dimethylbutane as a Vehicular Indicator

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