Exigency of Plant-Based Vaccine against COVID-19 Emergence as Pandemic Preparedness

Abstract

After two years since the declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), more than six million deaths have occurred due to SARS-CoV-2, leading to an unprecedented disruption of the global economy. Fortunately, within a year, a wide range of vaccines, including pathogen-based inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines, replicating and non-replicating vector-based vaccines, nucleic acid (DNA and mRNA)-based vaccines, and protein-based subunit and virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines, have been developed to mitigate the severe impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. These vaccines have proven highly effective in reducing the severity of illness and preventing deaths. However, the availability and supply of COVID-19 vaccines have become an issue due to the prioritization of vaccine distribution in most countries. Additionally, as the virus continues to mutate and spread, questions have arisen regarding the effectiveness of vaccines against new strains of SARS-CoV-2 that can evade host immunity. The urgent need for booster doses to enhance immunity has been recognized. The scarcity of “safe and effective” vaccines has exacerbated global inequalities in terms of vaccine coverage. The development of COVID-19 vaccines has fallen short of the expectations set forth in 2020 and 2021. Furthermore, the equitable distribution of vaccines at the global and national levels remains a challenge, particularly in developing countries. In such circumstances, the exigency of plant virus-based vaccines has become apparent as a means to overcome supply shortages through fast manufacturing processes and to enable quick and convenient distribution to millions of people without the reliance on a cold chain system. Moreover, plant virus-based vaccines have demonstrated both safety and efficacy in eliciting robust cellular immunogenicity against COVID-19 pathogens. This review aims to shed light on the advantages and disadvantages of different types of vaccines developed against SARS-CoV-2 and provide an update on the current status of plant-based vaccines in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.

Controlling the Quality of Nanodrugs According to Their New Property—Radiothermal Emission

“…At the moment of the formation of cell-mediated immunity, namely, the release of IFNs [ 32 , 33 ] in response to a foreign agent, both their intrinsic radiothermal emission and the behavior of the experimental subjects changed; the activity of individuals increased, and more aggressive behavior of the vaccinated individuals was observed. Re-vaccination led to the final formation of the IFN response and the launch of adaptive humoral immunity, and the administration of the third dose was necessary to maintain the further formation of acquired immunity [ 34 , 35 , 36 ]. In the following days before re-vaccination, a decrease in radiothermal emission was observed, which was expected, since the re-vaccination procedure was aimed at maintaining and strengthening the post-vaccination immune response due to a decrease in the activity of the immune system: the intrinsic radiothermal emission would naturally decrease, since the formation of the IFN response was near completion [ 37 , 38 ].…”

“…This scheme was reproduced three times. Twenty four hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) (females, 35 Euthanasia of animals was carried out using the method of cervical dislocation (with preliminary euthanasia with medical ether).…”

Dissecting Diagnostic and Management Strategies for Plant Viral Diseases: What Next?

“…Virus-based expression vectors are another option to produce desired dsRNA within the host itself. The plant virus-derived expression systems [203][204][205][206][207][208] present a multitude of benefits, encompassing elevated expression levels, swift production, scalability, safety, and economical feasibility. Viral infection and replication directly generate dsRNA molecules in insect cells.…”

Potential of DPD ((S)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione) Analogs in Microparticulate Formulation as Vaccine Adjuvants

“…There are still several unanswered questions about mRNA vaccines including challenges associated with the vaccines’ development and use [ 6 ]. There are several types of current vaccines, and their advantages and limitations are shown in Table 1 [ 7 , 8 ]. Therefore, there is a dire need for an appropriate immunological adjuvant that are potent, safe, and compatible with new generations of vaccines [ 9 ].…”

“…There are still several unanswered questions about mRNA vaccines including challenges associated with the vaccines' development and use [6]. There are several types of current vaccines, and their advantages and limitations are shown in Table 1 [7,8]. Therefore, the other hand, at a high cell density (HCD), the production of AIs increases and results in a high concentration that causes the initiation of detection and response.…”