¿Existe suficiente evidencia en la literatura para considerar el tabaco y el alcohol como principales factores de riesgo del cáncer de lengua?

Abstract

A ¿Existe suficiente evidencia en la literatura para considerar el tabaco y el alcohol como principales factores de riesgo del cáncer de lengua? AVANCES EN ODONTOESTOMATOLOGÍA/ 31 RESUMEN Para el presente trabajo hemos hecho una revisión en la literatura con el fin de esclarecer los posibles interrogantes sobre la influencia que pueden tener los factores de riesgo como tabaco y alcohol sobre el cáncer de lengua. Nos centraremos principalmente en la etiología, incidencia, localización, distribución geográfica, prevalencia, pronóstico y supervivencia de la enfermedad, prestando especial atención a la prevención, a las medidas que se deben tomar enfocadas a mejorar el estilo de vida y a la realización del diagnóstico precoz. De esta manera mejorará al mismo tiempo el pronóstico, siendo más fácil de curar la enfermedad. Finalmente, tras la revisión realizada, afirmamos que el tabaco y el alcohol son los principales factores de riesgo del Cáncer Oral de Células Escamosas (COCE) de lengua, independientemente de que se encuentren de manera conjunta o por separado.

Supervivencia de los pacientes con cáncer escamocelular bucal, tratados por primera vez, en centros oncológicos en el periodo 2000 a 2011, Medellín-Colombia

“…10,11 Inverted cigarette smoking is considered a risk factor for oral cancer; in this study, 11 women had this characteristic. 3,5,[12][13][14] Patients in this study come mostly from medium and low socio-economic levels, and their maximum education level is primary school, agreeing with several studies which suggest that the most vulnerable population is the one with little education, as it influences self-care for oral health and nutrition, both of which are considered risk factors for oral cancer. [14][15][16] In general, the literature reports that oral cancer is diagnosed at advanced stages, 17,18 which is consistent with the data from the analyzed sample, where most patients had a stage IV diagnosis, [19][20] with the tumor lesion located in one place of the mouth, being the tongue the most frequent site, followed by the floor of the mouth and the oropharynx.…”

“…Survival is highly affected by tumor stage; the higher the stage the higher the likelihood of death, which is consistent with studies on the tumor stage as a biological possibility of prognostic factor. 3,17,[27][28][29][30][31] Limitations of the present study include the impossibility to check death certificates in government institutions against information from medical records, which reduced the number of patients included in the analysis. In addition, tracking patients through phone calls makes it difficult to analyze the actual phenomenon, requiring the cooperation of government bodies such as the Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) to access information of underlying causes and date of death.…”

“…[14][15][16] In general, the literature reports that oral cancer is diagnosed at advanced stages, 17,18 which is consistent with the data from the analyzed sample, where most patients had a stage IV diagnosis, [19][20] with the tumor lesion located in one place of the mouth, being the tongue the most frequent site, followed by the floor of the mouth and the oropharynx. 3,6 Surgery is the primary treatment, 6 despite the fact that in most cases it affects patient's physiognomy and voice and is considered as aggressive, invasive, and mutilating. In addition, the time between diagnosis and first treatment (for patients whose medical records included this information) was three months, which is lower than the time found in Lopez's study (1999), in which this disease's evolution time until treatment averaged 8.5 months.…”

“…Una de las expresiones más comunes del cáncer bucal es el carcinoma escamocelular bucal (CEB), neoplasia maligna derivada del epitelio plano estratificado, 1-2 que es poco conocido y cuya presentación se asocia a factores genéticos y exógenos como la dieta, el consumo de alcohol, el tabaquismo y la exposición al sol, entre otros. 3 Se sabe que la localización del tumor, el estadio clínico y el tipo de tratamiento, entre otras variables, afectan la supervivencia de los pacientes debido a su capacidad de producir notables secuelas anatómicas y fisiológicas en quienes lo padecen. 4 Tanto la prevalencia como la incidencia y la mortalidad del CEB varían ampliamente en las diferentes partes del mundo, encontrándose una elevada tasa de incidencia en India y Sudáfrica y baja frecuencia en Japón y México, con el agravante de un aumento significativo en el grupo de personas más jóvenes.…”

“…One of the most common expressions of oral cancer is squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), a malignant neoplasm resulting from stratified flat epithelium, 1-2 which is scarcely known and is associated with genetic and exogenous factors such as diet, alcohol consumption, smoking, and sun exposure. 3 It is widely accepted that tumor location, its clinical stage and treatment type, among other variables, affect patient survival because of its ability to produce significant anatomical and physiological effects in those who suffer from it. 4 Prevalence, incidence, and mortality by OSCC vary widely in different parts of the world, with a high incidence rate in India and South Africa and low frequency in Japan and Mexico, with the aggravating factor of a significant increase among young people.…”