Exogenous Angiotensin-(1–7) Provides Protection Against Inflammatory Bone Resorption and Osteoclastogenesis by Inhibition of TNF-α Expression in Macrophages

Abstract

Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. It is reported to be involved in mediating osteoclastogenesis and bone loss in diseases of inflammatory bone resorption such as osteoporosis. Angiotensin-(1–7), a product of Angiotensin I and II (Ang I, II), is cleaved by Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and then binds to Mas receptor to counteract inflammatory effects produced by Ang II. However, the mechanism by which Ang-(1–7) reduces bone resorption remains unclear. Therefore, we aim to elucidate the effects of Ang-(1–7) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced osteoclastogenesis. In vivo, mice were supracalvarial injected with Ang-(1–7) or LPS ± Ang-(1–7) subcutaneously. Bone resorption and osteoclast formation were compared using micro-computed tomography, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) stain, and real-time PCR. We found that Ang-(1–7) attenuated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, TRAP, and Cathepsin K expression from calvaria and decreased osteoclast number along with bone resorption at the suture mesenchyme. In vitro, RANKL/TNF-α ± Ang-(1–7) was added to cultures of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) and osteoclast formation was measured via TRAP staining. The effect of Ang-(1–7) on LPS-induced osteoblasts RANKL expression and peritoneal macrophages TNF-α expression was also investigated. The effect of Ang-(1–7) on the MAPK and NF-κB pathway was studied by Western blotting. As a result, Ang-(1–7) reduced LPS-stimulated macrophages TNF-α expression and inhibited the MAPK and NF-κB pathway activation. However, Ang-(1–7) did not affect osteoclastogenesis induced by RANKL/TNF-α nor reduce osteoblasts RANKL expression in vitro. In conclusion, Ang-(1–7) alleviated LPS-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in vivo via inhibiting TNF-α expression in macrophages.