Exogenous NO Therapy for the Treatment and Prevention of Atherosclerosis

Gori, Tommaso

doi:10.3390/ijms21082703

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 80 publications

(99 reference statements)

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“…Emerging evidence shows that endothelial dysfunction can decrease circulating levels of nitrite [ 80 , 81 ] and subsequent NO deficiency is critically associated with the development of hypertension and other forms of vascular and cardiovascular disease [ 82 ]. Nitrate and/or nitrite oral supplementation promotes the increase of circulating nitrite levels and prevents endothelial dysfunction in mice [ 83 , 84 ], healthy adults [ 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 ], obese individuals [ 89 ], and hypercolesterolemic patients [ 63 ]. Oxidative stress, lipid infiltration, expressions of some inflammatory factors, and alteration of vascular tone play an important role in endothelial dysfunction by causing a decrease in NO bioavailability.…”

Section: Endothelial Disfunction No Bioavailability and Bpmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Periodontal Disease and Presence of Nitric Oxide Reducing Oral Bacteria Can Affect Blood Pressure

Pignatelli

Fabietti

Ricci

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Nitric oxide (NO), a small gaseous and multifunctional signaling molecule, is involved in the maintenance of metabolic and cardiovascular homeostasis. It is endogenously produced in the vascular endothelium by specific enzymes known as NO synthases (NOSs). Subsequently, NO is readily oxidized to nitrite and nitrate. Nitrite is also derived from exogenous inorganic nitrate (NO3) contained in meat, vegetables, and drinking water, resulting in greater plasma NO2 concentration and major reduction in systemic blood pressure (BP). The recycling process of nitrate and nitrite to NO (nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway), known as the enterosalivary cycle of nitrate, is dependent upon oral commensal nitrate-reducing bacteria of the dorsal tongue. Veillonella, Actinomyces, Haemophilus, and Neisseria are the most copious among the nitrate-reducing bacteria. The use of chlorhexidine mouthwashes and tongue cleaning can mitigate the bacterial nitrate-related BP lowering effects. Imbalances in the oral reducing microbiota have been associated with a decrease of NO, promoting endothelial dysfunction, and increased cardiovascular risk. Although there is a relationship between periodontitis and hypertension (HT), the correlation between nitrate-reducing bacteria and HT has been poorly studied. Restoring the oral flora and NO activity by probiotics may be considered a potential therapeutic strategy to treat HT.

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Section: Endothelial Disfunction No Bioavailability and Bpmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Periodontal Disease and Presence of Nitric Oxide Reducing Oral Bacteria Can Affect Blood Pressure

Pignatelli

Fabietti

Ricci

et al. 2020

IJMS

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“…Importantly, however, endothelial NOS is impaired by atherosclerosis, and it can even produce damaging superoxide instead. Therefore, as with the adaptive immune system, an increase in NO can be either protective or deleterious in the setting of atherosclerosis, depending on its levels and duration [60,195].…”

Section: Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction Precedes Atherosclerosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Mouse models of atherosclerosis and their suitability for the study of myocardial infarction

Golforoush¹,

Yellon²,

Davidson³

2020

Basic Res Cardiol

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Atherosclerotic plaques impair vascular function and can lead to arterial obstruction and tissue ischaemia. Rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque within a coronary artery can result in an acute myocardial infarction, which is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Prompt reperfusion can salvage some of the ischaemic territory, but ischaemia and reperfusion (IR) still causes substantial injury and is, therefore, a therapeutic target for further infarct limitation. Numerous cardioprotective strategies have been identified that can limit IR injury in animal models, but none have yet been translated effectively to patients. This disconnect prompts an urgent re-examination of the experimental models used to study IR. Since coronary atherosclerosis is the most prevalent morbidity in this patient population, and impairs coronary vessel function, it is potentially a major confounder in cardioprotective studies. Surprisingly, most studies suggest that atherosclerosis does not have a major impact on cardioprotection in mouse models. However, a major limitation of atherosclerotic animal models is that the plaques usually manifest in the aorta and proximal great vessels, and rarely in the coronary vessels. In this review, we examine the commonly used mouse models of atherosclerosis and their effect on coronary artery function and infarct size. We conclude that none of the commonly used strains of mice are ideal for this purpose; however, more recently developed mouse models of atherosclerosis fulfil the requirement for coronary artery lesions, plaque rupture and lipoprotein patterns resembling the human profile, and may enable the identification of therapeutic interventions more applicable in the clinical setting.

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“…Effects of ingested nitrate seem to be context-dependent, in that it is potentially carcinogenic only on the background of intake with dietary amines or amides as found in red and cured meats ( Koch et al, 2017 ). Thus, although increasing NO levels through exogenous donors such as inhaled NO gas, inorganic nitrite/nitrate consumption, or targeted NO-pathway treatments show therapeutic promise, more human research is required on the effects of such treatments before dosage and treatment course recommendations can be made ( Gori, 2020 ).…”

Section: Open Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boosting nitric oxide in stress and respiratory infection: Potential relevance for asthma and COVID-19

Ritz¹,

Salsman²,

Young³

et al. 2021

Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health

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Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous signaling molecule that is critical for supporting a plethora of processes in biological organisms. Among these, its role in the innate immune system as a first line of defense against pathogens has received less attention. In asthma, levels of exhaled NO have been utilized as a window into airway inflammation caused by allergic processes. However, respiratory infections count among the most important triggers of disease exacerbations. Among the multitude of factors that affect NO levels are psychological processes. In particular, longer lasting states of psychological stress and depression have been shown to attenuate NO production. The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has caused a pandemic, and with that, sustained levels of psychological stress globally, also adversely affects NO signaling. We review evidence on the role of NO in respiratory infection, including COVID-19, and stress, and argue that boosting NO bioavailability may be beneficial in protection from infections, thus benefitting individuals who suffer from stress in asthma or SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Exogenous NO Therapy for the Treatment and Prevention of Atherosclerosis

Cited by 25 publications

References 80 publications

How Periodontal Disease and Presence of Nitric Oxide Reducing Oral Bacteria Can Affect Blood Pressure

How Periodontal Disease and Presence of Nitric Oxide Reducing Oral Bacteria Can Affect Blood Pressure

Mouse models of atherosclerosis and their suitability for the study of myocardial infarction

Boosting nitric oxide in stress and respiratory infection: Potential relevance for asthma and COVID-19

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