Exogenous Putrescine Enhances Salt Tolerance and Ginsenosides Content in Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) Sprouts

Abstract

The effect of exogenously applied putrescine (Put) on salt stress tolerance was investigated in Panax ginseng. Thirty-day-old ginseng sprouts were grown in salinized nutrient solution (150 mM NaCl) for five days, while the control sprouts were grown in nutrients solution. Putrescine (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 mM) was sprayed on the plants once at the onset of salinity treatment, whereas control plants were sprayed with water only. Ginseng seedlings tested under salinity exhibited reduced plant growth and biomass production, which was directly interlinked with reduced chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence due to higher reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide; H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde; MDA) production. Application of Put enhanced accumulation of proline, total soluble carbohydrate, total soluble sugar and total soluble protein. At the same time, activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase in leaves, stems, and roots of ginseng seedlings were increased. Such modulation of physio-biochemical processes reduced the level of H2O2 and MDA, which indicates a successful adaptation of ginseng seedlings to salinity stress. Moreover, protopanaxadiol (PPD) ginsenosides enhanced by both salinity stress and exogenous Put treatment. On the other hand, protopanaxatriol (PPT) ginsenosides enhanced in roots and reduced in leaves and stems under salinity stress condition. In contrast, they enhanced by exogenous Put application in all parts of the plants for most cases, also evidenced by principal component analysis. Collectively, our findings provide an important prospect for the use of Put in modulating salinity tolerance and ginsenosides content in ginseng sprouts.

Plant Growth Regulators Application Enhance Tolerance to Salinity and Benefit the Halophyte Plantago coronopus in Saline Agriculture

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“…A 200 mg sample was homogenized in 5 mL of 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.8) using a pre-chilled mortar and pestle, then centrifuged at 15,000× g for 20 min at 4 °C. After collecting the supernatant, the enzyme extract was stored at 4 °C for analysis [ 49 ].…”

“…For the analysis of antioxidant enzymes, leaf samples were collected and immersed immediately in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 • C until use. A 200 mg sample was homogenized in 5 mL of 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.8) using a prechilled mortar and pestle, then centrifuged at 15,000× g for 20 min at 4 • C. After collecting the supernatant, the enzyme extract was stored at 4 • C for analysis [49].…”

Exogenous putrescine attenuates the negative impact of drought stress by modulating physio-biochemical traits and gene expression in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

“…Controlled foliar application of Put can trigger some physiological processes and induce osmotic adjustment molecules like proline, total soluble sugars, and amino acids in plants [21]. Recently it was reported that the catabolic activity of Put compensated for total chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence from saline stressed ginseng seedlings, thus protecting the plants from stress-derived damage and restoring the morphophysiological activities [27]. It has also been reported that PAs affect DNA, RNA, and protein biosynthesis, exacerbates plant growth and development, slows aging, and protect the membrane from oxidative damage by removing free radicals in plants [6].…”