Exome sequence analysis of rare frequency variants in Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease

Abstract

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia in elderly patients who continue to live between 3 and 11 years of diagnosis. A steep rise in AD incidents is observed in the elderly population in East-Asian countries. The disease progresses through several changes, including memory loss, behavioural issues, and cognitive impairment. The etiology of AD is hard to determine because of its complex nature. The whole exome sequences of late-onset AD (LOAD) patients of Korean origin are investigated to identify rare genetic variants that may influence the complex disorder. Computational annotation was performed to assess the function of candidate variants in LOAD. The in silico pathogenicity prediction tools such as SIFT, Polyphen-2, Mutation Taster, CADD, LRT, PROVEAN, DANN, VEST3, fathmm-MKL, GERP + + , SiPhy, phastCons, and phyloP identified around 17 genes harbouring deleterious variants. The variants in the ALDH3A2 and RAD54B genes were pathogenic, while in 15 other genes were predicted to be variants of unknown significance. These variants can be potential risk candidates contributing to AD. In silico computational techniques such as molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation and steered molecular dynamics were carried out to understand the structural insights of RAD54B with ATP. The simulation of mutant (T459N) RAD54B with ATP revealed reduced binding strength of ATP at its binding site. In addition, lower binding free energy was observed when compared to the wild-type RAD54B. Our study shows that the identified uncommon variants are linked to AD and could be probable predisposing genetic factors of LOAD.

How Precise are Nanomedicines in Overcoming the Blood–Brain Barrier? A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

“…The most common form of dementia is AD, which affects nearly 50 million individuals were affected globally. 21 , 22 Cognitive deficiencies are treated through the intranasal delivery of medicines that target neurotransmitters or enzyme regulations. 23 The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has only permitted four therapies for AD, and the targets focus on various elements of the two primary molecular processes involved in their accumulation of Aβ peptide and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) of p-tau protein.…”